英文文献：Price Spreads for Beef
英文文献作者：Sells, Tom
英文文献摘要：
Marketing margins are 'composed of four main costs: form, time, place utilities, and profits. Each of these activities is involved in getting beef from the producer level to the consumer. As each marketing activity is performed, it adds costs to the finished product which makes up the difference between the live and retail price. This difference is termed the farm-retail price spread.