生物精炼行业报告，生物精炼行业的未来
世界经济论坛（World Economic Forum，WEF）
pdf格式，共40页。

Contents
Foreword ………………………………5
Executive Summary …………………..6
1. Basic Concepts of Biorefineries …..7
1.1 Biomass Feedstock ………………7
1.1.i. Sugar/Starch Crops
1.1.ii. Vegetable Oil
1.1.iii. Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.1.iv. Jatropha Oil
1.1.v. Micro-algae
1.2 Conversion Techniques …………..9
1.2.i. Fermentation of Sugar/Starch Crops
1.2.ii. Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.2.iii. Transesterification of Triglycerides
1.2.iv. Gasification: Formation of Syngas
1.2.v. Fast Pyrolysis
1.2.vi. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
1.2.vii. Hydrogenation
1.2.viii. Conversion of Syngas to Methane
1.2.ix. Anaerobic Digestion
1.3 Biorefineries …………………………12
1.3.i. Optimization and Efficiency
1.3.ii. The Biorefinery Concept
2. Current Status of Industrialization ……15
2.1 History of Bio-based Products ………15
2.2 Industrialization ……………………….15
2.2.i. United States
2.2.ii. Brazil
2.2.iii. European Union
2.2.iv. Asia
2.2.v. Africa
2.3 Revenue Potential ……………………18
2.3.i. Agricultural Inputs
2.3.ii. Biomass Production
2.3.iii. Biomass Trading
2.3.iv. Biorefining Inputs
2.3.v. Biorefining Outputs
3. Strategic Relevance for Industry
3.2 Strategic Relevance for Selected Industries…… 20
3.2.i. Agriculture
3.2.ii. Automotive Industry
3.2.iii. Aviation Industry
3.2.iv. Chemical Industry
3.2.v. Energy Industry
3.2.vi. Transportation
4. Key Challenges of Commercialization ……………25
4.1 Technical Challenges …………………………….25
4.1.i. Feedstock Yield and Composition of Biomass
4.1.ii. Efficient Enzymes
4.1.iii. Microbial Cell Factories
4.1.iv. Processing and Logistics
4.2 Commercial and Strategic Challenges …………25
4.2.i. Integration into Existing Value Chains
4.2.ii. Funding Difficulties
4.2.iii. Uncertainty Facing a New Field
4.3 The Sustainability Challenge……………………. 26
4.3.i. Land-use Change and Its Effect on GHG Emissions
4.3.ii. Link between Commodity Prices and Biorefineries
4.3.iii. Reputational Risks
4.3.iv. Legislation-driven Deforestation
5. Conclusions and Recommendations …………….32
Glossary ……………………………………………….36
Additional Notes ……………………………………….37
Bibliography ……………………………………………38