摘要翻译：
虚张声势的行为至今困扰着游戏设计者。虚张声势的本质甚至还存在争议，这给创造智能虚拟玩家的过程增加了进一步的复杂性，这些玩家可以虚张声势，从而逼真地游戏。通过使用智能的、学习的agent和精心设计的agent外观，agent实际上不仅可以根据自己的牌，而且可以根据周围人的行动来预测对手的反应。有了这种更广泛的理解范围，代理人可以学会虚张声势，这种行为并不像通常认为的虚张声势那样代表不合逻辑的行为，而是通过有效的统计优化实现回报最大化的行为。通过使用tee dee lambda学习算法来不断适应神经网络agent智能，agent已经被证明能够在没有外界提示的情况下学会虚张声势，甚至在自由竞争的游戏中学会互相虚张声势。
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英文标题：
《Learning to Bluff》
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作者：
Evan Hurwitz and Tshilidzi Marwala
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最新提交年份：
2007
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分类信息：

一级分类：Computer Science        计算机科学
二级分类：Artificial Intelligence        人工智能
分类描述：Covers all areas of AI except Vision, Robotics, Machine Learning, Multiagent Systems, and Computation and Language (Natural Language Processing), which have separate subject areas. In particular, includes Expert Systems, Theorem Proving (although this may overlap with Logic in Computer Science), Knowledge Representation, Planning, and Uncertainty in AI. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes I.2.0, I.2.1, I.2.3, I.2.4, I.2.8, and I.2.11.
涵盖了人工智能的所有领域，除了视觉、机器人、机器学习、多智能体系统以及计算和语言（自然语言处理），这些领域有独立的学科领域。特别地，包括专家系统，定理证明（尽管这可能与计算机科学中的逻辑重叠），知识表示，规划，和人工智能中的不确定性。大致包括ACM学科类I.2.0、I.2.1、I.2.3、I.2.4、I.2.8和I.2.11中的材料。
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英文摘要：
  The act of bluffing confounds game designers to this day. The very nature of bluffing is even open for debate, adding further complication to the process of creating intelligent virtual players that can bluff, and hence play, realistically. Through the use of intelligent, learning agents, and carefully designed agent outlooks, an agent can in fact learn to predict its opponents reactions based not only on its own cards, but on the actions of those around it. With this wider scope of understanding, an agent can in learn to bluff its opponents, with the action representing not an illogical action, as bluffing is often viewed, but rather as an act of maximising returns through an effective statistical optimisation. By using a tee dee lambda learning algorithm to continuously adapt neural network agent intelligence, agents have been shown to be able to learn to bluff without outside prompting, and even to learn to call each others bluffs in free, competitive play.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/0705.0693