摘要翻译：
自然界的许多复杂系统（包括星系、恒星、行星、生命和社会）是日益混乱的宇宙中的有序孤岛。所有有组织的系统都受制于物理、生物或文化的进化，它们共同构成了宇宙进化这一更宏大的跨学科课题。这是一个大大扩展的全球历史，一个有科学基础的大历史，一个跨越140亿年的博物史。这样的进化显然具有很大的潜力，可以将自然科学统一到对我们是谁和我们从哪里来的整体理解中。不需要新的科学（超越前沿，非平衡态热力学）来在深入和经验的水平上描述宇宙演化的主要里程碑。定量模型和实验测试表明，对于广泛的已知和不同的系统来说，显著的简单性是复杂性出现和增长的基础。特别是，能量率密度是一个客观的量度，适用于衡量在整个物质宇宙中观察到的广泛分类系统的层次结构的相对复杂程度。
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英文标题：
《The Natural Science Underlying Big History》
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作者：
Eric J. Chaisson
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最新提交年份：
2014
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Popular Physics        大众物理学
分类描述：Description coming soon
描述即将到来
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一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics        宇宙学与非银河天体物理学
分类描述：Phenomenology of early universe, cosmic microwave background, cosmological parameters, primordial element abundances, extragalactic distance scale, large-scale structure of the universe. Groups, superclusters, voids, intergalactic medium. Particle astrophysics: dark energy, dark matter, baryogenesis, leptogenesis, inflationary models, reheating, monopoles, WIMPs, cosmic strings, primordial black holes, cosmological gravitational radiation
早期宇宙现象学，宇宙微波背景，宇宙参数，原始元素丰度，河外距离尺度，宇宙大尺度结构。群，超星团，空隙，星系际介质。粒子天体物理学：暗能量、暗物质、重子发生、钩体发生、膨胀模型、再加热、单极子、WIMPs、宇宙弦、原始黑洞、宇宙引力辐射
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一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Other Quantitative Biology        其他定量生物学
分类描述：Work in quantitative biology that does not fit into the other q-bio classifications
不适合其他q-bio分类的定量生物学工作
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英文摘要：
  Nature's many varied complex systems (including galaxies, stars, planets, life, and society) are islands of order within the increasingly disordered universe. All organized systems are subject to physical, biological or cultural evolution, which together comprise the grander interdisciplinary subject of cosmic evolution. This is global history greatly extended, big history with a scientific basis, and natural history broadly portrayed across 14 billion years of time. Such evolution writ large has significant potential to unify the natural sciences into a holistic understanding of who we are and whence we came. No new science (beyond frontier, non-equilibrium thermodynamics) is needed to describe cosmic evolution's major milestones at a deep and empirical level. Quantitative models and experimental tests imply that a remarkable simplicity underlies the emergence and growth of complexity for a wide spectrum of known and diverse systems. In particular, energy rate density is an objective metric suitable to gauge relative degrees of complexity along a hierarchy of widely assorted systems observed throughout the material universe.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.2730