摘要翻译：
在这篇综述中，我们总结了在活性物质领域的理论进展，将其置于最近的实验背景下。我们的方法为生物物质的机械和统计特性提供了一个统一的框架：体外或体内的生物丝和分子马达，运动微生物的集合，动物群，以及化学或机械模仿物。综述的一个主要目标是整合文献中提出的几种方法，从半微观到现象学。特别地，我们首先考虑“干”系统，定义为那些动量不守恒的，由于与衬底或嵌入多孔介质的摩擦，并阐明了两种定向有序态，向列态和极性态之间的异同。然后我们考虑悬浮液的主动流体力学，并将其与干燥情况进行关联和对比。我们进一步突出了这些物质非平衡态的各种大尺度不稳定性。我们讨论并联系了连续统理论的各种半微观推导，突出了连续统模型的统一性和通用性。在整个回顾中，我们讨论了这些理论在描述细菌群和悬浮液、活细胞的细胞骨架和振动颗粒材料方面的实验相关性。我们建议在从细胞生物学到行为学的特定背景下向更大的实在论的有希望的扩展，并对一些奇异的活性物质类似物进行评论。最后，我们总结了通过详细的理论与简化系统的可控实验、与活的或人造的成分的相互作用来定量理解活性物质的前景。
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英文标题：
《Soft Active Matter》
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作者：
M. C. Marchetti, J.-F. Joanny, S. Ramaswamy, T. B. Liverpool, J.
  Prost, Madan Rao and R. Aditi Simha
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最新提交年份：
2012
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Soft Condensed Matter        软凝聚态物质
分类描述：Membranes, polymers, liquid crystals, glasses, colloids, granular matter
膜，聚合物，液晶，玻璃，胶体，颗粒物质
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一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Other Quantitative Biology        其他定量生物学
分类描述：Work in quantitative biology that does not fit into the other q-bio classifications
不适合其他q-bio分类的定量生物学工作
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英文摘要：
  In this review we summarize theoretical progress in the field of active matter, placing it in the context of recent experiments. Our approach offers a unified framework for the mechanical and statistical properties of living matter: biofilaments and molecular motors in vitro or in vivo, collections of motile microorganisms, animal flocks, and chemical or mechanical imitations. A major goal of the review is to integrate the several approaches proposed in the literature, from semi-microscopic to phenomenological. In particular, we first consider "dry" systems, defined as those where momentum is not conserved due to friction with a substrate or an embedding porous medium, and clarify the differences and similarities between two types of orientationally ordered states, the nematic and the polar. We then consider the active hydrodynamics of a suspension, and relate as well as contrast it with the dry case. We further highlight various large-scale instabilities of these nonequilibrium states of matter. We discuss and connect various semi-microscopic derivations of the continuum theory, highlighting the unifying and generic nature of the continuum model. Throughout the review, we discuss the experimental relevance of these theories for describing bacterial swarms and suspensions, the cytoskeleton of living cells, and vibrated granular materials. We suggest promising extensions towards greater realism in specific contexts from cell biology to ethology, and remark on some exotic active-matter analogues. Lastly, we summarize the outlook for a quantitative understanding of active matter, through the interplay of detailed theory with controlled experiments on simplified systems, with living or artificial constituents.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.2929