摘要翻译：
我们用在一个系统上做的功和从该系统中移走的热量来维持它处于非平衡稳态，从而对这个系统及其涨落进行类似热力学的描述。基于非平衡态的广义Onsager-Machlup理论，我们指出了在非平衡态下定义功和热时不存在的两个模糊性：一个是由于时间反转过程的非唯一性，另一个是由于在非平衡态中热量分解为功和能量差的多种可能性。因此，对于这样的系统，功和热满足多种形式的热力学第一和第二定律及其涨落定理。唯一的定律和关系似乎只有在具体定义的系统中才能得到，使用物理论据来选择相关的物理量。这在许多系统中得到了说明，包括电场中的布朗粒子、被驱动的扭摆、电路和由温差驱动的能量转移。
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英文标题：
《Nonequilibrium steady state thermodynamics and fluctuations for
  stochastic systems》
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作者：
Tooru Taniguchi and E. G. D. Cohen
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最新提交年份：
2007
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Statistical Mechanics        统计力学
分类描述：Phase transitions, thermodynamics, field theory, non-equilibrium phenomena, renormalization group and scaling, integrable models, turbulence
相变，热力学，场论，非平衡现象，重整化群和标度，可积模型，湍流
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英文摘要：
  We use the work done on and the heat removed from a system to maintain it in a nonequilibrium steady state for a thermodynamic-like description of such a system as well as of its fluctuations. Based on a generalized Onsager-Machlup theory for nonequilibrium steady states we indicate two ambiguities, not present in an equilibrium state, in defining such work and heat: one due to a non-uniqueness of time-reversal procedures and another due to multiple possibilities to separate heat into work and an energy difference in nonequilibrium steady states. As a consequence, for such systems, the work and heat satisfy multiple versions of the first and second laws of thermodynamics as well as of their fluctuation theorems. Unique laws and relations appear only to be obtainable for concretely defined systems, using physical arguments to choose the relevant physical quantities. This is illustrated on a number of systems, including a Brownian particle in an electric field, a driven torsion pendulum, electric circuits and an energy transfer driven by a temperature difference.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/708.294