摘要翻译：
我们简要回顾了具有长程相互作用的系统的一些平衡和非平衡性质。这类系统的特征是在大距离内弱衰减的势，在平衡时具有惊人的性质，如微正则系综中的负比热、一级相变时的温度跳跃、遍历性破坏等。在这里，我们主要将我们的分析限制在平均场模型中，在平均场模型中，粒子以相同的强度进行全局相互作用。我们证明了弛豫到平衡的过程是通过准定态进行的，准定态的持续时间随系统大小而增加。我们提出了一个理论解释，基于林登-贝尔熵，这一有趣的弛豫过程。这就允许使用标准平衡统计力学的扩展来解决与非平衡有关的问题。我们详细讨论了自由电子激光动力学的例子，在这个例子中，准稳态的存在和特征很可能在未来的实验中得到检验。我们总结了一些观点，以研究开放的问题，并发现这些思想在偶极介质中的应用。
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英文标题：
《Equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of systems with long-range
  interactions》
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作者：
Stefano Ruffo (University of Florence, Dept. of Energy and INFN,
  Italy)
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最新提交年份：
2007
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Statistical Mechanics        统计力学
分类描述：Phase transitions, thermodynamics, field theory, non-equilibrium phenomena, renormalization group and scaling, integrable models, turbulence
相变，热力学，场论，非平衡现象，重整化群和标度，可积模型，湍流
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英文摘要：
  We briefly review some equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of systems with long-range interactions. Such systems, which are characterized by a potential that weakly decays at large distances, have striking properties at equilibrium, like negative specific heat in the microcanonical ensemble, temperature jumps at first order phase transitions, broken ergodicity. Here, we mainly restrict our analysis to mean-field models, where particles globally interact with the same strength. We show that relaxation to equilibrium proceeds through quasi-stationary states whose duration increases with system size. We propose a theoretical explanation, based on Lynden-Bell's entropy, of this intriguing relaxation process. This allows to address problems related to nonequilibrium using an extension of standard equilibrium statistical mechanics. We discuss in some detail the example of the dynamics of the free electron laser, where the existence and features of quasi-stationary states is likely to be tested experimentally in the future. We conclude with some perspectives to study open problems and to find applications of these ideas to dipolar media.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/711.1173