合作社本来就是现代经济体系中重要的一种组织形式之一

商业经济学一般会讲吧，

上市公司：

有限责任公司：

Partnership

合作社（例如building society）：其主要特点是合作社的成员既是股东，又是顾客，

去欧美国家看看，遍街都是各种合作社，尤其以住房合作社为要

是的，你说的非常对，合作是普遍存在的．公司有有限责任公司和无限责任公司，上市公司是有限责任公司的一种．但注意：我说的合作不是公司那种形式．因为公司的目标就财务上来讲是股东利益最大化，同时公司是永续经营的．会计上有个假设就是永续经营假设．就公司而言，是资本雇佣劳动还是劳动雇佣资本，有不同的观点，但认为资本雇佣劳动的占多数．

这里的合作是一种组织形式，它不是永续经营的，如果是永续经营，就不是我讨论的范围．它不是以股东利益最大化为前提的，因为它的存在就是为了向合作的人提供产品，而不是向社会或合作者以外的客户．

同时，它内部的分配工具不是货币，它分配的直接是房子．

再次感谢你提的建议

A building society is a mutual institution. This means that most people who have a savings account, or mortgage, are members and have certain rights to vote and receive information, as well as to attend and speak at meetings. Each member has one vote, regardless of how much money they have invested or borrowed or how many accounts they may have. Each building society has a board of directors who run the society and who are responsible for setting its strategy.

Building societies are different from banks, which are companies (normally listed on the stock market) and are therefore owned by, and run for, their shareholders. Societies have no external shareholders requiring dividends and are not companies. This normally enables them to run on lower costs and offer cheaper mortgages and better rates of interest on savings than their competitors

应该说现实中合作的成本太高了吧，只有房地产作为全民生活必需品，同时这个行业又是所谓的暴利行业，合作建房才能克服高额的成本压力变成现实。

成本是分配的范围，研究成本一定要以分配为基础，不然我们会陷入经济效益的误区．以前说反对利润挂帅，现在想来有一定道理．