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人力资本怎么测度？
(1) 成本法。the practice followed in connection with physical capital goods is to estimate the magnitude of capital formation by expenditures made to produce the capital goods. However, for human capital there is additional problem: how to distinguish between expenditures for consumption and for investment. We can think of three classes of expenditures: expenditures that satisfy consumer preferences and in no way enhance the capabilities—these represent pure consumption; expenditures that enhance capabilities and do not satisfy any preferences underlying consumption—these represent pure investment; and expenditures that have both effect. Most relevant activities clearly are in the third class, partly consumption and partly investment, which is why the task of identifying each component is so formidable and why the measurement of capital formation by expenditures is less useful for human investment than for investment in physical goods.
  
(2) 收益法。estimate human capital by its yield rather than by its cost. While any capability produced by human investment becomes a part of the human agent and cannot be sold; it is nevertheless “in touch with the market place” by affecting the wages and salaries the human agent can earn.

(3) 小学初中入学率、师生比、学生/学校比、学生在数学和科学上的分数（读者补充，可见Hanushek, Eric and Kimko, Dennis D.Schooling, labor-force quality, and the growth of nations. American EconomicReview, 2000, 90(5), 1184-1208.）。此外，上面提到的两种方法也可在这篇文章中看到。https://bbs.pinggu.org/thread-2915866-1-1.html

BrandtLoren,Biesebroeck Johannes Van, and Zhang Yifan. Creative accounting or creativedestruction? Firm-level productivitygrowth in China. Journal ofDevelopmentEconomics, 2012, 97, 339-351.这篇文章也用到了工资作为人力资本的表达。https://bbs.pinggu.org/thread-2919285-1-1.html

作者在第一种方法中纠缠于人力资本投资是消费还是投资上，我没有理解。
固定资产不是也有利用率的问题吗？任何在人力资本上的投资都有效果，只是效果大小的问题，看一场电影，是消费还是投资？没有效果吗？不见的。

Schultz的一些判断

人力资本的存量。In value terms this stock of education was only22% as large as the stock of reproducible physical capital in 1900, whereas in1956 it already had become 42% as large.

人力资本的贡献。These estimates also imply that between 36 and 70% of the hitherto unexplained rise in the earnings oflabor is explained by returns to additional education of workers.

人力资本的回报。Becker’s estimates based on the differences inincome between high school and college graduates based on urban males adjustedfor ability, race, unemployment and mortality show a return of 9% to totalcollege costs including both earning foregone and conventional college costs,public and private and with none of these costs allocated to consumption.

投资教育与健康。No small part of the low earnings of manyNegroes reflects the failure to have invested in their health and education.

人力资本的回报与物质资本的回报一样大（如果教育的成本包括了机会成本）。The fact that the return to high school and to higher education has been about aslarge as the return to conventional forms of capital when all of the costs of such education includingincome foregone by students are allocated to the investment component, createsa strong presumption that there has been underinvestment since much educationis cultural and in that sense it is consumption.

一些观点和评论

教育、人力资本与中国经济的未来
http://www.southcn.com/weekend/economic/200406030030.htm

最好听的一句话

The return to such education has been in the neighborhood of the return to nonhuman capital when all the costs (including the income foregone while attending school) are considered.