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美国制造业迁移历史：1970s-1980s
There has been an unprecedented redistribution of manufacturing employment from the Rust Belt states of the Northeast and Midwest to the Sun Belt states of the South and West, particularly in the 1970s (Crandall, 1993). This occurred as domestic manufacturers responded to their foreign competitors by relocating to states offering cheaper labor and better resources.
Manufacturers confronted with stiff foreign competition responded by moving their production facilities to offshores sites to take advantage of cheaper labor, lower taxes, and more lax environmental enforcement, leaving in their wake empty factories and devastated communities. This trend accelerated particularly in the 1980s.


美国ZF实施地吸引产业的政策及其效果
The effectiveness of new economic development programs (EDPs) in fostering real economic growth has been a source of controversy among economists and policy analysts.
正：Proponents of EDPs argue that their long-term benefits, while difficult to measure, are critical to economic revitalization and outweigh the short-term costs required to attract new business. They point to high-profile success stories such as the Honda plant in Marysville, Ohio or Nissan in Smyrna, Tennessee and their purported multiplier effects for other local business as evidence for the positive benefits of EDPs for priming local economies.
反：Others, however, suggest that EDPs do not yield sufficient long-term growth to justify the billions of dollars in giveaways that are granted to business (Harrison and Kanter, 1978). Critics contend that EDPs are often imprudently conceived, work at cross-purposes with each other, or simply reshuffle the state’s economic winners and losers while producing no net economic growth (Glaser and Yeager, 1990). Both sides agree that overall effectiveness of EDPs may diminish as local states mimic each, providing essentially the same package of economic development strategies (Eisinger, 1988).

空间的意义
空间化的2个前提 the increased fragmentation of work tasks into simpler components and a higher integrated division of labor; advanced transportation and telecommunication technologies.
Jafffee (1986) discussion of the “spatial-geographic restructuring of capital” comes closest to our own view by arguing that heightened capital mobility is a capitalist response to falling profits and crises of accumulation that beset the U.S. economy in the 1970s.
Spatialization might constitute the foundation for the next long wave of capitalist accumulation.