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JEL的分类 Journal of Economic Literature Classification System B - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology B0 - General
B00 - General
B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925
B10 - General B11 - Preclassical B12 - Classical B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 B14 - Socialist; Marxist B15 - Historical; Institutional B16 - Quantitative B19 - Other
B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925
B20 - General B21 - Microeconomics B22 - Macroeconomics B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative Studies B24 - Socialist; Marxist B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian B29 - Other
B3 - History of Thought: Individuals
B30 - General B31 - Individuals
B4 - Economic Methodology
B40 - General B41 - Economic Methodology B49 - Other
B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches
B50 - General B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary B53 - Austrian B59 - Other
E62 Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary or Stabilization Policy E64 Incomes Policy; Price Policy E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes E66 General Outlook and Conditions E69 Other F International Economics F0 General F00 General F01 Global Outlook F02 International Economic Order; Economic Integration: General F1 Trade F10 General F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition F13 Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations F14 Country and Industry Studies of Trade F15 Economic Integration F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation and Scale Economies F19 Other F2 International Factor Movements and International Business F20 General F21 International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements F22 International Migration F23 Multinational Firms; International Business F29 Other F3 International Finance F30 General F31 Foreign Exchange F32 Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions F34 International Lending and Debt Problems F35 Foreign Aid F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration F39 Other F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance F40 General F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics F42 International Policy Coordination F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies F47 Forecasting and Simulation F49 Other G Financial Economics G0 General G00 General G1 General Financial Markets G10 General G11 Portfolio Choice G12 Asset Pricing G13 Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing G14 Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies G15 International Financial Markets G18 Government Policy and Regulation G19 Other G2 Financial Institutions and Services G20 General G21 Banks, Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages G22 Insurance; Insurance Companies G23 Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions G24 Investment Banking G28 Government Policy and Regulation G29 Other G3 Corporate Finance and Governance G30 General G31 Capital Budgeting; Investment Policy G32 Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure G33 Bankruptcy; Liquidation G34 Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests G35 Payout Policy G38 Government Policy and Regulation G39 Other H Public Economics H0 General H00 General H1 Structure and Scope of Government H10 General H11 Structure and Scope of Government H19 Other H2 Taxation and Subsidies H20 General H21 Efficiency; Optimal Taxation H22 Incidence H23 Externalities; Redistributive Effects H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes H25 Business Taxes H26 Tax Evasion H29 Other H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents H30 General H31 Household H32 Firm H39 Other H4 Publicly Provided Goods H40 General H41 Public Goods H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods H43 Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate H49 Other H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies H50 General H51 Government Expenditures and Health H52 Government Expenditures and Education H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs H54 Infrastructures H55 Social Security and Public Pensions H56 National Security and War H57 Procurement H59 Other H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt H60 General H61 Budget; Budget Systems H62 Deficit H63 Debt; Debt Management H69 Other H7 State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations H70 General H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects H74 State and Local Borrowing H77 Intergovernmental Relations H79 Other H8 Miscellaneous Issues H80 General H81 Governmental Loans and Credits H82 Governmental Property H87 International Fiscal Issues H89 Other I Health, Education, and Welfare I0 General I00 General I1 Health I10 General I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets I12 Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Disability, and Economic Behavior I18 Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health I19 Other I2 Education I20 General I21 Analysis of Education I22 Educational Finance I28 Government Policy I29 Other I3 Welfare and Poverty I30 General I31 General Welfare; Basic Needs; Quality of Life I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty I38 Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs I39 Other J Labor and Demographic Economics J0 General J00 General J1 Demographic Economics J10 General J11 Demographic Trends and Forecasts J12 Marriage; Marital Dissolution J13 Fertility; Child Care; Children J14 Economics of the Elderly J15 Economics of Minorities J16 Economics of Gender J17 Value of Life; Foregone Income J18 Public Policy J19 Other J2 Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination J20 General J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply J23 Employment Determination; Demand for Labor J24 Human Capital Formation; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity J26 Retirement; Retirement Policies J28 Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy J29 Other J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs J30 General J31 Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits J33 Compensation Packages; Payment Methods J38 Public Policy J39 Other J4 Particular Labor Markets J40 General J41 Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets J42 Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets J43 Agricultural Labor Markets J44 Professional Labor Markets and Occupations J45 Public Sector Labor Markets J49 Other J5 Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining J50 General J53 Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and J54 Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms J58 Public Policy Mediation J59 Other J6 Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies J60 General J61 Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers J62 Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility J63 Turnover; Vacancies J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search J65 Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings J68 Public Policy J69 Other J7 Discrimination J70 General J71 Discrimination J78 Public Policy J79 Other K Law and Economics K0 General K00 General K1 Basic Areas of Law K10 General K11 Property Law K12 Contract Law K13 Tort Law and Product Liability K14 Criminal Law K19 Other K2 Regulation and Business Law K20 General K21 Antitrust Law K22 Corporation and Securities Law K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K29 Other K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law K30 General K31 Employment and Discrimination Law K32 Environmental, Health, and Safety Law K33 International Law K34 Tax Law K39 Other K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior K40 General K41 Litigation Process K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K49 Other L Industrial Organization L0 General L00 General L1 Market Structure, Firrn Strategy, and Market Performance L10 General L11 Production and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms L12 Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets L14 Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation L15 Information and Product Quality L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics L19 Other L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior L20 General L21 Business Objectives of the Firm L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration L23 Organization of Production L29 Other L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise L30 General L31 Nonprofit Institutions L32 Public Enterprises L33 Boundaries of Public and Private Enterprise; Privatization; Contracting Out L39 Other L4 Antitrust Policy L40 General L41 Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices L42 Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations L49 Other L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy L50 General L51 Economics of Regulation L52 Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods L59 Other L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing L60 General L61 Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics L62 Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment L63 Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment L64 Other Machinery; Business Equipment L65 Chemicals; Drugs L66 Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather L68 Appliances; Other Consumer Durables L69 Other L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction L70 General L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources L73 Forest Products: Lumber and Paper L74 Construction L79 Other L8 Industry Studies: Services L80 General L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade L82 Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) L83 Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism L84 Personal and Professional Services L85 Real Estate Services L86 Information Services; Computer Software L89 Other L9 Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation L90 General L91 Transportation: General L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers L93 Air Transportation L94 Electric Utilities L95 Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities L96 Telecommunications L98 Government Policy L99 Other M Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting M0 General M00 General M1 Business Administration M10 General M11 Production Management M12 Personnel Management M13 Entrepreneurship M14 Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility M19 Other M2 Business Economics M20 General M21 Business Economics M29 Other M3 Marketing and Advertising M30 General M31 Marketing M37 Advertising M39 Other M4 Accounting M40 General M41 Accounting M49 Other N Economic History N0 General N00 General N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations N10 General, International, or Comparative N11 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N12 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N13 Europe: Pre-1913 N14 Europe: 1913-71 N15 Asia including Middle East N16 Latin America; Caribbean N17 Africa; Oceania N2 Financial Markets and Institutions N20 General, International, or Comparative N21 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N22 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N23 Europe: Pre-1913 N24 Europe: 1913-71 N25 Asia including Middle East N26 Latin America; Caribbean N27 Africa; Oceania N3 Labor, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth N30 General, International, or Comparative N31 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N32 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N33 Europe: Pre-1913 N34 Europe: 1913-71 N35 Asia including Middle East N36 Latin America; Caribbean N37 Africa: Oceania N4 Government, Law, and Regulation N40 General, International, or Comparative N41 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N42 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N43 Europe: Pre-1913 N44 Europe: 1913-71 N45 Asia including Middle East N46 Latin America; Caribbean N47 Africa: Oceania N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Extractive Industries N50 General, International, or Comparative N51 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N52 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N53 Europe: Pre-1913 N54 Europe: 1913-71 N55 Asia including Middle East N56 Latin America; Caribbean N57 Africa; Oceania N6 Manufacturing and Construction N60 General, International, or Comparative N61 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N62 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N63 Europe: Pre-1913 N64 Europe: 1913-71 N65 Asia including Middle East N66 Latin America; Caribbean N67 Africa: Oceania N7 Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, and Other Services N70 General, International, or Comparative N71 U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 N72 U.S.; Canada: 1913-71 N73 Europe: Pre-1913 N74 Europe: 1913-71 N75 Asia including Middle East N76 Latin America; Caribbean N77 Africa; Oceania O Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth O0 General O00 General O1 Economic Development O10 General O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development O13 Agriculture; Natural Resources; Other Primary Products O14 Tndllstrialization: Choice of Technology O15 Human Resources; Income Distribution; Migration O16 Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment O17 Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements O18 Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses O19 International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations O2 Development Planning and Policy O20 General O21 Planning Models; Planning Policy O22 Project Analysis O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development O29 Other O3 Technological Change O30 General O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences O34 Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues O38 Government Policy O39 Other O4 Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity O40 General O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models O42 Monetary Growth Models O47 Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity O49 Other O5 Economywide Country Studies O50 General O51 U.S.; Canada O52 Europe O53 Asia including Middle East O54 Latin America; Caribbean O55 Africa O56 Oceania O57 Comparative Studies of Countries P Economic Systems P0 General P00 General P1 Capitalist Systems P10 General P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform P12 Capitalist Enterprises P13 Cooperative Enterprises P16 Political Economy of Capitalism P17 Performance and Prospects P19 Other P2 Socialist Systems P20 General P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform P22 Prices P23 Markets P24 Income Measurement and Growth P26 Political Economy of Socialism P27 Performance and Prospects P29 Other P3 Socialist Institutions P30 General P31 Socialist Enterprises P32 Collectives; Communes P33 Foreign Trade and Investment P34 Finance P35 Public Finance P39 Other P4 Other Economic Systems P40 General P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform P42 Productive Enterprises P43 Finance P47 Performance and Prospects P49 Other P5 Comparative Economic Systems P50 General P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies P59 Other Q Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics Q0 General Q00 General Q1 Agriculture Q10 General Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices Q12 Mjcro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation Q16 R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services Q17 Agriculture in International Trade Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness Q18 Agricultural Policy; Food Policy Q14 Agricultural Finance Q19 Other Q2 Renewable Resources and Conservation; Environmental Management Q20 General Q21 Demand and Supply Q22 Fishery Q23 Forestry Q24 Land Q25 Water; Air Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources Q28 Government Policy Q29 Other Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation Q30 General Q31 Demand and Supply Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development Q33 Resource Booms Q38 Government Policy Q39 Other Q4 Energy Q40 General Q41 Demand and Supply Q42 Alternative Energy Sources Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy Q48 Government Policy Q49 Other R Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics R0 General R00 General R1 General Spatial Economics R10 General R11 Analysis of Growth, Development, and Changes R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies R14 Land Use Patterns R15 Econometric and Input-Output Models R19 Other R2 Household Analysis R20 General R21 Housing Demand R22 Other Demand R23 Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets and Population R29 Other R3 Production Analysis and Firm Location R30 General R31 Housing Supply and Markets R32 Other Production and Pricing Analysis R33 Nonagricultural Land Pricing R34 Input Demand Analysis R38 Government Policies; Regulatory Policies R39 Other R4 Transportation Systems R40 General R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis R48 Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies R49 Other R5 Regional Government Analysis R50 General R51 Finance in Urban and Rural Economies R52 Land Use and Other Regulations R53 Public Facility Location Analysis R58 Regional Development Policy R59 Other Z Other Special Topics Z0 General Z00 General Z1 Cultural Economics Z10 General
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