Chasing Water
A Guide for Moving from Scarcity to Sustainability

Authors: Brian Richter
ISBN: 978-1-59726-462-4 (Print)

year ：2014

Water scarcity is spreading and intensifying in many regions of the world, with dire consequences for local communities, economies, and freshwater ecosystems. Current approaches tend to rely on policies crafted at the state or national level, which on their own have proved insufficient to arrest water scarcity. To be durable and effective, water plans must be informed by the culture, economics, and varied needs of affected community members.

International water expert Brian Richter argues that sustainable water sharing in the twenty-first century can only happen through open, democratic dialogue and local collective action. In Chasing Water, Richter tells a cohesive and complete story of water scarcity: where it is happening, what is causing it, and how it can be addressed. Through his engaging and nontechnical style, he strips away the complexities of water management to its bare essentials, providing information and practical examples that will empower community leaders, activists, and students to develop successful and long-lasting water programs.

Chasing Water will provide local stakeholders with the tools and knowledge they need to take an active role in the watershed-based planning and implementation that are essential for water supplies to remain sustainable in perpetuity.

亚马逊地址：http://www.amazon.com/Chasing-Water-Brian-Richter/dp/1610915364/

Table of contents (8 chapters)
Chapter One Running Out of Water  1
Chapter Two Taking Stock of Our Water Budgets  19
Chapter ThreeOptions for Resolving Water Bankruptcy  37
Chapter Four Who Is Responsible for Water?  55
Chapter Five Seven Principles for Sustainability  75
Chapter Six Bringing Power to the People  97
Chapter Seven How to Survive a Water Crisis:
Murray-Darling Basin, Australia  117
Chapter EightChasing Hope  141
Acknowledgments  151
Notes  155
About the Author  161
Index  163

Coping with Water Deficiency
From Research to Policymaking With Examples from Southern Europe, the Mediterranean and Developing Countries

Editors: Phoebe Koundouri

year：2008

Reports the results of the ARID cluster of projects, which examine water scarcity and demand in arid and semi-arid regions in the Mediterranean and Southern European Countries
Presents recent examples of methods for the identification of water management issues and proposed mitigation measures in developing countries
Demonstrates the need for effective water management tools and decision-making practices
In keeping with the Water Framework Directive, this book stresses the need for an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach to balance the competing demands for water among the domestic, agricultural, industrial, tourist, and environmental/ecological sectors. The IWRM also promotes economically efficient, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable water use in selected regions in Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and the developing world.

Research results discussed in this book demonstrate that effective water management tools and decision-making practices are needed to support interventions to increase availability and manage the growing demand for scarce water supplies. Furthermore, the book bridges the gap between ideas and actions endorsed in the research-oriented environmental debate and their translation into policymaking structures and programs in developed and developing countries.

Many water resources management topics are covered, including research tools for the characterization of water stress, policy proposals for its alleviation, tools and methods for decision-making, water policies and pricing schemes, stakeholder participati

Content Level » Research

Keywords » Environmental Economics and Management - Integrated Water Resource Management - Policy Making - Water Economics and Management - Water Framework Directive - Water Resources - Water resource management - Water resources management - development

Related subjects » Environmental / Development / Agricultural Economics - Pollution and Remediation - Social Sciences - Water Policy, Governance, and Management


TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction. Phoebe Koundouri, Yiannis Kountouris and Kyriaki Remoundou PART I: ARID CLUSTER RESULTS 2. Water Management on Mediterranean Islands: Pressure, Recommended Policy and Management Options. Antonia A. Donta, Manfred, A. Lange and the MEDIS consortium 3. The Range of Existing Circumstances in the WaterStrategyMan Case Studies. Bernard Barraqué, Christos Karavitis, Pipina Katsiardi 4. Landscape Sensitivity, Resilience and Sustainable Watershed Management. James McGlade, Brian S. McIntosh, Paul Jeffrey 5. Using Economic Valuation Techniques to Inform Water Resources Management in the Southern European and Mediterranean and Developing Countries: A survey and critical appraisal of available techniques and applications. Ekin Birol, Phoebe Koundouri and Yiannis Kountouris 6. The Case for Declining Long-Term Discount Rates in the Evaluation of Flood-Defense Investments. Phoebe Koundouri 7. Models and Decisions Support Systems for Participatory Decisions Making in Integrated Water Resource Management. Carlo Giupponi and Alessandra Sgobbi PART II: RESULTS FROM THE DEVELOPING WORLD 8. Evaluating the Institutional-Impact Interactions in the Context of Millennium Development Goals: Analytical Framework with Empirical Results. R. Maria Saleth, Ariel Dinar, and Susanne Neubert 9. Resource Pricing and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of Block Tariffs for Water in Beijing. Ben Groom, Xiaoying Liu and Tim Swanson

2014
Regulating Municipal Water Supply Concessions
Accountability in Transitional China


The only academic book that systematically discusses China’s concession policy through water sector in the perspective of regulation
Instructive for all levels of governments and also good reference to municipal utilities reform in water sector
A reference book for entrepreneurs in urban water strategic investment and for scholars in economic, management and law fields
This book discusses the recently introduced concession policy, which is also known as PPP worldwide, on municipal utilities policy in China. In this context, critics have claimed that there is a gap in accountability with regard to concessions. The author utilizes interdisciplinary methods and comparative studies, taking into account the situation in the EU and US to analyze the accountability gap some feel will be created when the policy is implemented. Taking water sector concessions as the subject of discussion, the author distinguishes between three types of accountability: traditional bureaucratic accountability, legal accountability and public accountability. By systematically analyzing the essential problems involved, the book attempts to achieve a better understanding of concession and its application in the context of public utilities, and finds that the alleged accountability gap is attributed to traditional bureaucratic accountability in China and the concession system per se.  ​


Content Level » Research


Keywords » Municipal water supply - Public-Private Partnerships - concession policy - law and regulation - transitional mainland China



Related subjects » International, Foreign and Comparative Law


1  Introduction...............................................................................................  1
1.1  Characteristics  of  the  Water  Supply  Sector ........................................  11
1.1.1  High  Fixed  Sunk  Costs  to  Variable  Costs  ..............................  12
1.1.2  Public  Health  and  Social  Welfare  Concerns  ..........................  13
1.1.3  Local  in  Supply ......................................................................  13
1.2  Choices  of  Strategies  in  the  Water  Supply  Industry ...........................  14
1.3  Economic  Incentives  of  Water  Supply  Reforms  in  China ..................  16
1.3.1  Water  Supply  Enterprises  Operating  at  a  Loss  ......................  17
1.3.2  Heavy Financing Stress and Low Effi ciency .........................  18
2  Concession  Overview  and  Accountability  Gap  in  China.......................  21
2.1  Overview  of  Concessions  and  the  Debate ..........................................  21
2.1.1  Conception  of  Concessions ....................................................  21
2.1.2  Debate  on  Concessions:  Effi ciency  and  Costs .......................  24
2.2  Concessions  in  China .........................................................................  27
2.2.1  Policy  Development  in  Water  Supply  Reforms  .....................  27
2.2.2  Typical  Concession  Structures ...............................................  30
2.2.3  Legal  Environments  for  Concessions  ....................................  34
2.2.4  Legal  and  Policy  Frameworks  on  Concessions......................  36
2.3  Accountability  Concerns  in  China’s  Concessions ..............................  38
3  Restricted  Competition  in  Concessions
and Concessionaire Selections..................................................................  43
3.1  Restricted  Competition  as  a  Worldwide  Phenomenon .......................  43
3.1.1  Oligopolies  and  Restricted  Competition ................................  43
3.1.2  Difficulties for New Competitors ..........................................  45
3.2  Explanation  for  Restricted  Competition  in  China ..............................  47
3.2.1  State  Control  for  Market  Entry  ..............................................  47

3.2.2  Traditional  Bureaucratic  Accountability ................................  50
3.3  Concessionaire  Selections  and  Criteria ..............................................  60
3.3.1  Sole  Sourcing  and  Transparency............................................  60
3.3.2  IPPP  Concessions  ..................................................................  64
3.3.3  Rules  for  Proper  Concessionaire  Selections ..........................  67
3.4  Concluding  Remarks ..........................................................................  69
4  Water  Pricing  Regulations  in  the  Context  of  Concessions ....................  71
4.1  Controversial  Returns  on  Investments  ...............................................  71
4.1.1  Fixed  Rates  of  Return  in  Early  Projects.................................  71
4.1.2  Frequent  Water  Tariff  Increase ...............................................  73
4.2  Discussion  on  Water  Tariff  Increase  ..................................................  78
4.3  Alternative  Explanation  for  Financing  Constraints ............................  80
4.3.1  Lack  of  Financing  Capacity ...................................................  80
4.3.2  Restrictions  on  Issuing  Municipal  Bonds ..............................  82
4.4  Why  Concessions  and  the  Facade ......................................................  83
4.4.1  Economic  Analysis  ................................................................  83
4.4.2  The  Case  of  China..................................................................  89
4.5  Institutional  Framework  for  Transparency  of  Water  Charging  ..........  90
4.5.1  Water  Costs  and  Transparency ...............................................  91
4.5.2  Ensuring  More  Effective  Public  Engagement ........................  94
4.6  Concluding  Remarks ..........................................................................  96
5  Concession  Contracts  and  Legal  Accountability....................................  99
5.1  Concession  Contracts  as  a  Regulatory  Strategy .................................  99
5.1.1  “Regulation  by  Contract”.......................................................  99
5.1.2  “Incomplete  Contract” ...........................................................  103
5.2  Legal  Accountability  in  the  Era  of  Concessions  ................................  104
5.2.1  The  Applicable  Laws  for  Concession  Contracts ....................  104
5.2.2  Judicial  Embarrassment .........................................................  110
5.2.3  Reconstructing  Concession  Contracts
as  “Economic  Contracts” .......................................................  117
5.2.4  The Mixing of Rules for Relief
in  Concession  Contracts  ........................................................  119
5.3  Concluding  Remarks ..........................................................................  124
6  Regulatory  Agencies  and  Structures  Under  Concessions......................  125
6.1  Regulatory  Contract  Enforcement  Versus  Economic  Regulators  ......  125
6.2  Water  Regulatory  Framework  Status  Quo..........................................  128
6.3  Restructuring  Water  Regulatory  Framework  .....................................  133
6.3.1  Property  Rights  Reform  Versus  Concession  Policy ...............  133
6.3.2  Regulatory  Functions  and  the  Proposed  Regulator ................  139

6.4  Concluding  Remarks ..........................................................................  141
7  Conclusions  and  Implications ..................................................................  143
7.1  The Role of the Regulator and SOE Reforms ....................................  144
7.2  Transparency,  Public  Participation,  and  Public  Accountability  .........  145
7.3  Transcending  Public  and  Private  Laws  ..............................................  146
7.4  Judicial  System  Reform  .....................................................................  147
Appendix:  Questionnaires..............................................................................  149

Bibliography ....................................................................................................  151

2014
The Right(s) to Water
The Multi-Level Governance of a Unique Human Right

Authors: Pierre Thielbörger
A complete monograph devoted to the right to water
A comprehensive, consistent and in-depth analysis of the legal consequences and political impact of the development and establishment of the right to water through the lens of a single author
An innovative theoretical frame within which to understand the debate on the human right to water, and the relationship of human rights with national and regional rights
Examines all possible philosophical and conceptual objections to the right
Politicians and diplomats have for many years proclaimed a human right to water as a solution to the global water crisis, most recently in the 2010 the UN General Assembly Resolution “The human right to water and sanitation”. To what extent, however, can a right to water legally and philosophically exist and what difference to international law and politics can it make? This question lies at the heart of this book.   The book’s answer is to argue that a right to water exists under international law but in a more differentiated and multi-level manner than previously recognised. Rather than existing as a singular and comprehensive right, the right to water should be understood as a composite right of different layers, both deriving from separate rights to health, life and an adequate standard of living, and supported by an array of regional and national rights.   The author also examines the right at a conceptual level. After disproving some of the theoretical objections to the category of socio-economic rights generally and the concept of a right to water more specifically, the manuscript develops an innovative approach towards the interplay of different rights to water among different legal orders. The book argues for an approach to human rights – including the right to water – as international minimum standards, using the right to water as a model case to demonstrate how multilevel human rights protection can function effectively.   The book also addresses a crucial last question: how does one make an international right to water meaningful in practice? The manuscript identifies three crucial criteria in order to strengthen such a composite derived right in practice: independent monitoring; enforcement towards the private sector; and international realization. The author examines to what extent these criteria are currently adhered to, and suggests practical ways of how they could be better met in the future.​
Content Level » Research

Keywords » Global Water Crisis - Human Right to Water - International Water Obligations - Right to Water - Safe Water

Related subjects » Development Economics - International, Foreign and Comparative Law - Political Science - Water Policy, Governance, and Management

Contents
1 Introduction ........................................... 1
References . . . . . . . ...................................... 7
2 The Current Legal Status of the Right to Water ................ 9
2.1 The Right to Water in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 The Right to Water in National Law of European States . . . 9
2.1.1.1 The Right to Water in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.1.2 The Right to Water in Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1.3 The Right to Water in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.1.4 Comparison of the Three European Approaches . . . 30
2.1.2 The Right to Water in European Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.2.1 The Right to Water in the Law of the European
Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.2.2 The Right to Water in the ECHR and the ESC . . . 36
2.1.3 Conclusion and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 The Right to Water Outside of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.1 The Right to Water in South African Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2.1.1 Protection of the Right to Water through
South African Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.1.2 Protection of the Right to Water through
South African Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.1.3 Analysis of the Protection of the Right to Water
in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.2 The Right to Water in Indian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.2.1 The Protection of the Right to Water through
Indian Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.2.2 The Protection of the Right to Water through
Indian Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2.2.3 Analysis of the Protection of the Right to Water
in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2.3 Comparative Analysis of the South African and Indian
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
xiii2.3 A Human Right to Water in International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.1 Protection of the Right through International
Conventions and Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3.2 Interpretations of Treaties through Courts and
Quasi-Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.3.2.1 General Decisions of International Courts and
Quasi-Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.3.2.2 General Comment No. 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.3.3 Protection of the Right to Water through International
Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.3.3.1 Millennium Development Goal Number 7 . . . . . . 77
2.3.3.2 The UNGA Resolution on “The Human Right
to Water and Sanitation” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.3.3.3 The HRC Resolution “Human Rights and Access
to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation” . . . . . . . . 82
2.3.3.4 Renewal of the Mandate of the Independent Expert
as Special Rapporteur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3.3.5 Assessment of the Current Situation . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.3.4 Protection of a Human Right to Water through General
Principles of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 Philosophical and Conceptual Approaches to a Human
Right to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1 The “Water” Element of the Term “Human Right to Water” . . . . . 96
3.1.1 Objection: We Cannot Hold a Right to a Tangible Thing . . . 96
3.1.2 Objection: The Time to Accept Water as a Right
Is Not “Now” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2 The “Right” Element of the Term “Human Right to Water” . . . . . 98
3.2.1 The Concept of a Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2.2 Objection: We Cannot Accept a Right Without Choice . . . 99
3.2.3 Objection: There Is No Added Value of a Right to Water . . . 100
3.2.4 Objection: There Cannot Be a Right, if it Cannot
Be Enforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.2.5 Objection: We Cannot Accept Rights Whose Realization
Is “Impossible” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3 The “Human” Element of the Term “Human Right to Water” . . . . 105
3.3.1 The Identifiable Schools of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3.2 Water as a Human Right According to the
Different Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
xiv Contents3.4 The Shape of a Right to Water: Combining
Existing Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.4.1 A Self-Standing Right or a Derived Right? . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.4.2 Deriving from What? Plea for a More
Integrated Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.4.2.1 Antiquated Understanding of the Right to Life . . . . 115
3.4.2.2 Over-Categorization of Rights as Either
Civil–Political or Socio-Economic . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.4.2.3 False Fear of Creating Unforeseeable State
Obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.4.3 Contouring the Right: Water and Sanitation—One or
Two Rights? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.4 Different Legal Levels of Protection—Relationship
of Constitutional Rights to Water and a Human
Right to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.4.1 The Relationship of Different Legal Orders
After the Kadi-Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.4.4.2 National Level of Protection Exceeding
International Level of Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.4.3 International Level of Protection Exceeding
National Level Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.4.4.4 Avoiding the Dilemma: Human Rights
as Minimum, Not Uniform Standards . . . . . . . . . 129
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4 Implementation: Independent Monitoring, Enforcement Against
the Private Sector, and International Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.1 Independent Monitoring: The Case of the UN Special Rapporteur
on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.1.1 The Monitoring Role of Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.1.2 Analysis of the Mandate’s Undertaken Monitoring Efforts . . . 138
4.1.2.1 Country Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.1.2.2 Issues in Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.1.3 Conclusion and Remaining Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.2 Enforcing the Right in the Private Sector: The Case of Water
Privatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.2.1 Preface: Conceptual Problems with the Right to Water
and Privatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.2.1.1 Market Principles Incompatible with Services
to Fulfill Basic Needs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2.1.2 Non-existence of Competitive Water Markets? . . . . 148
4.2.1.3 Water as a Non-private Good? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Contents xv4.2.1.4 Current Dynamics of Supply and Demand:
Increasing Water Prices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.2.1.5 Conclusion: Compatibility of the Right
to Water and Privatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.2.2 Case Studies: The ICSID-Jurisdiction
on Water Privatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.2.2.1 Compania de Aguas de Aconquija
v. Argentine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.2.2.2 Azurix Corporation v. Argentine Republic . . . . . . 155
4.2.2.3 Aguas del Tunari v. Republic of Bolivia . . . . . . . 158
4.2.3 The Right to Water as Solution for Challenges
of Water Privatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.2.3.1 Consideration of the Right to Water in the
Concession Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.2.3.2 Requirement of Monitoring and Control . . . . . . . 164
4.2.3.3 Inclusion of Procedural Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.2.3.4 The Right to Water as Mandatory Component
of Judicial Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2.4 Conclusion and Remaining Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.3 Realization by International Means: The Case of International
Obligations Deriving from a Right to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3.1 International Water Obligations: The Philosophical
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3.1.1 A Liability Model Approach to the International
Obligation to Fulfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.3.1.2 Some Kantian and Consequentialist
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.3.1.3 Rawlsian-Influenced Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.3.1.4 A Water-Specific Approach to International Water
Assistance: Hugo Grotius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.3.1.5 The Idea of Common Ownership of the Earth . . . . 175
4.3.1.6 Conclusion: A Compelling Philosophical
Case for International Water Assistance? . . . . . . . 176
4.3.2 International Water Assistance: Existing
Legal Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.3.2.1 International Obligations in Human Rights
Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.3.2.2 Assessment of Existing International Water
Obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.3.3 International Water Obligations Under an Accepted
Right to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.3.3.1 International Obligations to Respect the Human
Right to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.3.3.2 International Duties to Protect the Human Right to
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.3.3 International Obligations to Fulfill the Human
Right to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
xvi Contents4.4 Conclusion and Remaining Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.4.1 Necessary Consent of Host State for International
Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.4.2 The Problem of “Conditionality” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.4.3 Conditions of Withdrawal and Suspension of International
Water Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
List of Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

挺不错的资料。