注释:
1,关于这方面的研究结论,目前国内翻译出版的教材中也有零星的介绍。刘树成等翻译的布兰查德、费希尔(Blanchard and Fischer)合著《宏观经济学(高级教程)》第18页有个简单介绍,给了个数据表,但作者的立场是“微弱顺周期”。曼昆的《宏观经济学》第4版第320页给出了1960-2000年美国的GDP变化和真实工资变化的对照图,从这个图上,可以清楚地看到顺周期变化的趋势,作者也认可顺周期的事实。作者在后面还列出了与此相关的几篇重要文献,如bils(1985)和Solon(1994)。伯南克的《宏观经济学》教材第474页只是简单地提到了顺周期变化的事实,没有深入讨论,也没有给文献。
2,假设劳动所得占国民收入的份额为α,非劳动要素的份额为β,工薪收入者的边际消费倾向为b,则投资乘数为。党爱民等(2004)指出,由于工薪收入者的边际消费倾向b较高,接近于1,而他们的收入所得份额α远远小于1,因此,投资乘数可以近似简化为
3, 据《21世纪经济报道》说,中国目前存在产能过剩的领域,包括以下10大领域:钢铁、水泥、电解铝、电石、焦炭、水电、煤炭、纺织、汽车、铁合金。
4,关于中国的失业状况,中国政协副主席、中国工程院院长徐匡迪2007年3月说:“(官方说)失业率4.6%,只是登记失业率,没找到工作的大学毕业生不纳入这个范围,因为他没去登记,农村的剩余劳动力也不算失业率。我们做过一个调查,事实上,将大中城市下岗、待业等情况包括在内,总失业率接近8%。” 失业人员的构成还有向低龄人口和高知识人口蔓延的倾向。在中国,处于失业状态农村劳动力,大约还有将近一亿。
5,这时,就出现了一个大于均衡水平的、稳定的、非平衡的“货币耗散”系统。
6,与此对应的数据是: 1978年53.9% ,1989年53.9%,1997年 42% ,2004年33.3%
7, 请参考美国官方网站: http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/index.asp
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