在贸易区组成的世界中的开放性地区主义，Open Regionalism in a World of Continental Trade Blocs，by SHANG-JIN WEI and JEFFREY A. FRANKEL,IMF Staff Papers Vol. 45, No. 3 (发表于September 1998)Continental trade blocs are emerging in many parts of the world almost in tandem. If trade blocs are required to satisfy the McMillan criterion of not lowering their trade volume with outside countries, they have to engage in a dramatic reduction of trade barriers against nonmember countries. That may not be politically feasible. On the other hand, in a world of simultaneous continental trade blocs, an open regionalism in which trade blocs undertake relatively modest external liberalization can usually produce Pareto improvement.