经济名词术语中买方寡占是什么_买方寡占

什么是买方寡占
　　买方寡占是指市场上有少数几个购买者。在此，相对于制造商作为供应商、卖方的角色定位，将零售商定位为购买者、买方。当市场上只有少数几个零售商时，就形成了“买方寡占”。
　　买方垄断与买方寡占在含义上是不一样的，买方垄断是指在一个市场上只有一个购买者。

买方寡占的英文解释
　　An oligopsony is a market form in whichthe number of buyers is small while the number of sellers in theory could belarge. This typically happens in market for inputs where a small number offirms are competing to obtain factors of production. It contrasts with anoligopoly, where there are many buyers but just a few sellers. An oligopsony isa form of imperfect competition.

　　The terms monopoly (one seller),monopsony (one buyer), and bilateral monopoly have a similar relationship.

　　One example of an oligopsony in the worldeconomy is cocoa, where three firms (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland, andCallebaut) buy the vast majority of world cocoa bean production, mostly fromsmall farmers in third-world countries. Likewise, American tobacco growers facean oligopsony of cigarette makers, where three companies (Altria, Brown &Williamson, and Lorillard Tobacco Company) buy almost 90% of all tobacco grownin the US.[citation needed]

　　In each of these cases, the buyers have amajor advantage over the sellers. They can play off one supplier againstanother, thus lowering their costs. They can also dictate exact specificationsto suppliers, for delivery schedules, quality, and (in the case of agriculturalproducts) crop varieties. They also pass off much of the risks ofoverproduction, natural losses, and variations in cyclical demand to thesuppliers.