Abstract ................................................................... 1
Preface..................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ................................................... 4
2. Theory ...................................................................... 6
2.1 Business Model Innovation ............................... 6
2.1.1 Business Models ......................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Business model components ...................................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Business Model Innovation ........................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Multi-level perspective ................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 System perspective..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Multi-level perspective ............................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Theory integration ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 Policy ........................................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.2 (Complementary) Technology .................................................................................................. 11
2.3.3 Science ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.4 Culture ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.5 Market ...................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.6 Industry..................................................................................................................................... 12
3. Method .................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Research Design............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................................. 14
3.2.1 Operationalisation .................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.2 Desk Research .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.3 Interviews ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 18
3.4 Reliability, validity ......................................................................................................................... 18
4. Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1.1 Regulatory instruments ............................................................................................................ 19
4.1.2 Economic instruments .............................................................................................................. 20
4.1.3 Soft instruments ....................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.4 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Complementary Technology......................................................................................................... 23
4.2.1 Availability ................................................................................................................................ 23
Master’s Thesis | Thomas Boersma
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4.2.2 Differentiation .......................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.3 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 Science .......................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.1 Pathway ................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.2 R&D Results .............................................................................................................................. 27
4.3.3 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 Culture .......................................................................................................................................... 29
4.4.1 Norms & Values ....................................................................................................................... 29
4.4.2 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 30
4.5 Market .......................................................................................................................................... 30
4.5.1 Customer groups ...................................................................................................................... 30
4.5.2 International market position ................................................................................................. 32
4.5.3 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 32
4.6 Industry ......................................................................................................................................... 33
4.6.1 Response strategy .................................................................................................................... 33
4.6.2 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 35
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................. 36
6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 40
6.1 Implications for theory ................................................................................................................. 40
6.2 Policy implications ....................................................................................................................... 41
6.3 Limitations to research ................................................................................................................ 42
6.4 Further research ......................................................................................................................... 42
References ........................................................................................... 43