昨日阅读3h,累计 711.5 h
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《思想的力量:哲学导论》
449. 罗伯特-诺齐克的自由主义
(Robert Nozick, 1938-2002),在1974年发表了《无ZF、国家与乌托邦》(Anarchy, State, and Utopia)
引起的反响比Rawlse的书更为庞杂。
“看不见的手”的阐释:指向特定目的的行动往往会产生事先没有料到的、间接的后果。
亚当斯密认为:仅仅欲求自身利益的个人会“被一只看不见的手所操纵,以促进另一个目标”,这个目标并非属于他们自身的意图,它就是普遍的善。
(Invisible-Hand Explanation):某些东西表明看来属于人的意图或欲望的直接后果,而这种理论把它解释为根本不是由这样的意图或欲望产生的。
要把自己的东西换成他们认为是人们更普遍地欲求着的东西。至于说有机体的特征和性状是自然选择而非上帝意愿的结果,着也是一种“看不见的手”的阐释。
450. 诺齐克:只有“守夜人”式的国家不侵犯权利。
即最弱意义的、“守夜人”式的国家(night-watchman state)仅仅保护其公民不受暴力、欺诈等行为的侵害;而国家的权力一旦超出这个范围,就是对个人对于其持有物的自然权力的侵害,因而就是不合法、不正义的。
一个人对于他的合法所有物是具有拥有权的,而正义就是让人对自己的合法所有物保持掌控。这就是诺齐克的社会正义的拥有权概念(entitlement concept of social justice)
451. 诺齐克的《无ZF、国家与乌托邦》中有个有趣的侧面讨论,主题是动物的道德地位。
关注动物(或人类)的道德理论,功利主义并不是恰当的起点。尽管诺齐克并没有参与动物权利运动的实际行动。
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Blockchain:
Decentralized systems
All decentralized systems must be distributed. But distributed systems are not necessarily decentralized. This is confusing to many people. If a distributed system is one spread across many computers, locations, and so on, how could it be centralized?
The difference has to do with location and redundancy versus control. Centralization in this context has to do with control. A good example to showcase the difference between distributed and decentralized systems is Facebook. Facebook is a highly distributed application. It has servers
worldwide, running thousands of variations on its software for testing. Any of its data centers could experience failure and most of the site functionality would continue. Its systems are distributed with fault tolerance, extensive coordination, redundancy, and so on.
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昨日阅读3h
累计 711.5 h