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The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

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Kimberly A. Van Ordena, , , Tracy K. Witteb, Kelly C. Cukrowiczc, Scott R. Braithwaiteb, Edward A. Selbyb and Thomas E. Joiner Jr.b

a Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center

b Department of Psychology, Florida State University

c Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University

Received 3 March 2008;  revised 24 November 2009;  accepted 25 November 2009.  Available online 23 May 2010.

Suicidal behavior is a major problem worldwide and, at the same time, has received relatively little empirical attention. This relative lack of empirical attention may be due in part to a relative absence of theory development regarding suicidal behavior. The current article presents the interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior. We propose that the most dangerous form of suicidal desire is caused by the simultaneous presence of two interpersonal constructs—thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (and hopelessness about these states)—and further that the capability to engage in suicidal behavior is separate from the desire to engage in suicidal behavior. According to the theory, the capability for suicidal behavior emerges, via habituation and opponent processes, in response to repeated exposure to physically painful and/or fear-inducing experiences. In the current article, the theory's hypotheses are more precisely delineated than in previous presentations (Joiner, 2005), with the aim of inviting scientific inquiry and potential falsification of the theory's hypotheses.

Author Keywords: suicide; suicidal behavior; burdensomeness; belonging; opponent processes

This research was supported in part by Grant 1 F31 MH077386-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Tracy K. Witte and Thomas E. Joiner, Jr., Grant 1 F31MH081396 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Edward A. Selby and Thomas E. Joiner, Jr., and Grant 5T32MH020061-09 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Yeates Conwell. Kimberly A. Van Orden would like to thank Tory Higgins for introducing her to the joy of psychological theory.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Box PSYCH, Rochester, NY 14642.

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