摘要翻译：
通过计算局域能量期望值对某些局域测量基的影响，我们发现对于任何量子系统，都有两种根本不同的贡献：不改变局域von Neumann熵的能量变化和改变局域von Neumann熵的能量变化。我们认为前者是功，后者是热。由于我们的推导不对系统的哈密顿量或其状态作任何假设，所以即使对任意远离平衡态的状态也是有效的。讨论了从经典极限到纯量子力学场景的例子，即哈密顿量和密度算符不交换的情况。
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英文标题：
《Local effective dynamics of quantum systems: A generalized approach to
  work and heat》
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作者：
Hendrik Weimer, Markus J. Henrich, Florian Rempp, Heiko Schr\"oder,
  G\"unter Mahler
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最新提交年份：
2008
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Quantum Physics        量子物理学
分类描述：Description coming soon
描述即将到来
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一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Statistical Mechanics        统计力学
分类描述：Phase transitions, thermodynamics, field theory, non-equilibrium phenomena, renormalization group and scaling, integrable models, turbulence
相变，热力学，场论，非平衡现象，重整化群和标度，可积模型，湍流
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英文摘要：
  By computing the local energy expectation values with respect to some local measurement basis we show that for any quantum system there are two fundamentally different contributions: changes in energy that do not alter the local von Neumann entropy and changes that do. We identify the former as work and the latter as heat. Since our derivation makes no assumptions on the system Hamiltonian or its state, the result is valid even for states arbitrarily far from equilibrium. Examples are discussed ranging from the classical limit to purely quantum mechanical scenarios, i.e. where the Hamiltonian and the density operator do not commute.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/708.2354