英文标题：
《An evolutionary advantage of cooperation》
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作者：
Ole Peters and Alexander Adamou
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最新提交年份：
2018
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英文摘要：
  Cooperation is a persistent behavioral pattern of entities pooling and sharing resources. Its ubiquity in nature poses a conundrum. Whenever two entities cooperate, one must willingly relinquish something of value to the other. Why is this apparent altruism favored in evolution? Classical solutions assume a net fitness gain in a cooperative transaction which, through reciprocity or relatedness, finds its way back from recipient to donor. We seek the source of this fitness gain. Our analysis rests on the insight that evolutionary processes are typically multiplicative and noisy. Fluctuations have a net negative effect on the long-time growth rate of resources but no effect on the growth rate of their expectation value. This is an example of non-ergodicity. By reducing the amplitude of fluctuations, pooling and sharing increases the long-time growth rate for cooperating entities, meaning that cooperators outgrow similar non-cooperators. We identify this increase in growth rate as the net fitness gain, consistent with the concept of geometric mean fitness in the biological literature. This constitutes a fundamental mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Its minimal assumptions make it a candidate explanation of cooperation in settings too simple for other fitness gains, such as emergent function and specialization, to be probable. One such example is the transition from single cells to early multicellular life.
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中文摘要：
合作是一种持久的实体共享资源的行为模式。它在自然界的普遍存在构成了一个难题。当两个实体合作时，其中一个必须自愿将有价值的东西让给另一个。为什么这种明显的利他主义在进化中受到青睐？经典的解决方案假设在合作交易中，通过互惠或关联性，从接受者到捐赠者之间找到了一条返回的路径，从而获得了净适应度增益。我们寻找这种健身效果的来源。我们的分析基于这样一种洞见：进化过程通常是乘法的，而且是有噪声的。波动对资源的长期增长率有净负面影响，但对其预期价值的增长率没有影响。这是一个非遍历性的例子。通过降低波动幅度，合股和共享增加了合作实体的长期增长率，这意味着合作者的增长超过了类似的非合作者。我们将增长率的增加确定为净适应度增益，这与生物学文献中几何平均适应度的概念一致。这是合作发展的基本机制。它的最小假设使其成为在过于简单的环境中进行合作的候选解释，而其他适应性增益（如紧急功能和专业化）则不可能实现。其中一个例子是从单细胞到早期多细胞生命的转变。
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems        自适应和自组织系统
分类描述：Adaptation, self-organizing systems, statistical physics, fluctuating systems, stochastic processes, interacting particle systems, machine learning
自适应，自组织系统，统计物理，波动系统，随机过程，相互作用粒子系统，机器学习
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一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Populations and Evolution        种群与进化
分类描述：Population dynamics, spatio-temporal and epidemiological models, dynamic speciation, co-evolution, biodiversity, foodwebs, aging; molecular evolution and phylogeny; directed evolution; origin of life
种群动力学；时空和流行病学模型；动态物种形成；协同进化；生物多样性；食物网；老龄化；分子进化和系统发育；定向进化；生命起源
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一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：General Finance        一般财务
分类描述：Development of general quantitative methodologies with applications in finance
通用定量方法的发展及其在金融中的应用
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