英文标题：
《Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline》
---
作者：
Alexander J. Stewart, Nolan McCarty and Joanna J. Bryson
---
最新提交年份：
2020
---
英文摘要：
  Social and political polarization is a significant source of conflict and poor governance in many societies. Thus, understanding its causes has become a priority of scholars across many disciplines. Here we demonstrate that shifts in socialization strategies analogous to political polarization and identity politics can arise as a locally-beneficial response to both rising wealth inequality and economic decline. Adopting a perspective of cultural evolution, we develop a framework to study the emergence of polarization under shifting economic environments. In many contexts, interacting with diverse out-groups confers benefits from innovation and exploration greater than those that arise from interacting exclusively with a homogeneous in-group. However, when the economic environment favors risk-aversion, a strategy of seeking low-risk interactions can be important to maintaining individual solvency. To capture this dynamic, we assume that in-group interactions have a lower expected outcome, but a more certain one. Thus in-group interactions are less risky than out-group interactions. Our model shows that under conditions of economic decline or increasing wealth inequality, some members of the population benefit from adopting a risk-averse, in-group favoring strategy. Moreover, we show that such in-group polarization can spread rapidly to the whole population and persist even when the conditions that produced it have reversed. Finally we offer empirical support for the role of income inequality as a driver of affective polarization in the United States, mirroring findings on a panel of developed democracies. Our work provides a framework for studying how disparate forces interplay, via cultural evolution, to shape patterns of identity, and unifies what are often seen as conflicting explanations for political polarization: identity threat versus economic anxiety.
---
中文摘要：
社会和政治两极分化是许多社会冲突和治理不善的重要根源。因此，了解其原因已成为许多学科学者的首要任务。在这里，我们证明了类似于政治两极分化和身份政治的社会化策略的转变可以作为对财富不平等加剧和经济衰退的局部有利反应。采用文化进化的视角，我们开发了一个框架来研究在不断变化的经济环境下出现的两极分化。在许多情况下，与不同的外部群体互动会带来比仅与同质内部群体互动更大的创新和探索利益。然而，当经济环境有利于风险规避时，寻求低风险互动的策略对于维持个人偿付能力非常重要。为了捕捉这种动态，我们假设小组内互动的预期结果较低，但更确定。因此，小组内互动的风险低于小组外互动。我们的模型表明，在经济衰退或财富不平等加剧的情况下，一些人口成员从采取风险规避、群体内偏好策略中受益。此外，我们还表明，这种群体内极化可以迅速蔓延到整个人群，即使产生这种极化的条件发生逆转，这种极化也会持续下去。最后，我们为收入不平等作为美国情感两极分化驱动因素的作用提供了实证支持，反映了发达民主国家小组的研究结果。我们的工作为研究不同力量如何通过文化进化相互作用来塑造身份模式提供了一个框架，并统一了通常被视为政治两极分化相互冲突的解释：身份威胁与经济焦虑。
---
分类信息：

一级分类：Economics        经济学
二级分类：General Economics        一般经济学
分类描述：General methodological, applied, and empirical contributions to economics.
对经济学的一般方法、应用和经验贡献。
--
一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Physics and Society        物理学与社会
分类描述：Structure, dynamics and collective behavior of societies and groups (human or otherwise). Quantitative analysis of social networks and other complex networks. Physics and engineering of infrastructure and systems of broad societal impact (e.g., energy grids, transportation networks).
社会和团体（人类或其他）的结构、动态和集体行为。社会网络和其他复杂网络的定量分析。具有广泛社会影响的基础设施和系统（如能源网、运输网络）的物理和工程。
--
一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Populations and Evolution        种群与进化
分类描述：Population dynamics, spatio-temporal and epidemiological models, dynamic speciation, co-evolution, biodiversity, foodwebs, aging; molecular evolution and phylogeny; directed evolution; origin of life
种群动力学；时空和流行病学模型；动态物种形成；协同进化；生物多样性；食物网；老龄化；分子进化和系统发育；定向进化；生命起源
--
一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：Economics        经济学
分类描述：q-fin.EC is an alias for econ.GN. Economics, including micro and macro economics, international economics, theory of the firm, labor economics, and other economic topics outside finance
q-fin.ec是econ.gn的别名。经济学，包括微观和宏观经济学、国际经济学、企业理论、劳动经济学和其他金融以外的经济专题
--

---
PDF下载：
-->