Journal of Development Economics （双月刊）2023年第2期

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1.Rethinkingthe Lebanese economic miracle: The extreme concentration of income and wealthin Lebanon, 2005–2014

反思黎巴嫩经济奇迹:2005-2014年黎巴嫩收入和财富的极度集中

Lydia Assouad

I combine householdsurveys, national accounts and unique personal income tax records to producethe first estimates of the national income distribution in an Arab country,Lebanon. I find that income is extremely concentrated over the 2005–2014period: The top 1 and 10 percent of the adult population received almost 25 and55 percent of national income on average, placing Lebanon among the countrieswith the highest levels of income inequality in the world. These resultschallenge a long lasting narrative according to which inequality levels are notthat high in the Middle East. They also confirm results from a large literaturethat emphasizes how the Lebanese sectarian-based mode of governance has allowedthe ruling elite to extract large rents for decades and at the expense of themajority of citizens.

我将家庭调查、国民核算和独特的个人所得税记录结合起来，首次对阿拉伯国家黎巴嫩的国民收入分配进行了估计。我发现，在2005年至2014年期间，黎巴嫩的收入极为集中：收入最高的1%和10%的成年人平均获得了近25%和55%的国民收入，这使黎巴嫩成为世界上收入不平等程度最高的国家之一。这些结果挑战了一种长期存在的说法，即中东的不平等程度并没有那么高。他们还证实了大量文献的结果，这些文献强调黎巴嫩以宗派为基础的治理模式如何允许统治精英几十年来以牺牲大多数公民的利益为代价榨取巨额租金。

2.Taxrevenue and mobile money in developing countries

发展中国家的税收和移动货币

Ablam Estel Apeti, EyahDenise Edoh

This paper analyzes theeffect of mobile money adoption on tax revenue performance in a large sample of104 developing countries over the period 1990–2019. Estimations, based on theentropy balancing method, show that mobile money significantly increases taxrevenue in mobile money countries relative to non-mobile money countries. Thisresult remains robust to various robustness tests and may depend on timeperspective, the type of mobile money service, and some structural factors,including a country's level of development, corruption level, rural populationsize, inflation rate, education level, tax revenue sample 25th percentile andaverage, revenue administration efficiency, and mature markets. A first levelof disaggregation of tax revenue into direct and indirect tax revenue showsthat mobile money increases both types of tax revenue, with a larger impact ondirect tax revenue. A second level of disaggregation of these two componentsinto different sub-categories shows that the effect on direct tax revenue isdriven by personal income tax revenue and corporate income tax revenue and thaton indirect tax revenue is determined by taxes on goods and services. Finally,a broadening tax base (proxied by GDP per capita), better institutionalquality, and tax payment process simplification are the main channels throughwhich mobile money adoption increases tax performance in developing countries.

本文分析了1990年至2019年期间104个发展中国家采用移动货币对税收绩效的影响。基于熵平衡方法的估计表明，相对于非移动货币国家，移动货币显著增加了移动货币国家的税收收入。这一结果在各种稳健性测试中仍然稳健，可能取决于时间视角、移动货币服务类型和一些结构性因素，包括一个国家的发展水平、腐败水平、农村人口规模、通货膨胀率、教育水平、税收样本第25百分位和平均值、税收管理效率和成熟市场。将税收收入分为直接税收入和间接税收入的第一个层次表明，移动货币增加了两种类型的税收收入，对直接税收入的影响更大。将这两个部分分解为不同的子类别的第二个层次表明，对直接税收入的影响是由个人所得税收入和企业所得税收入推动的，对间接税收入的影响是由商品和服务税决定的。最后，扩大税基(以人均GDP为代表)、提高制度质量和简化纳税流程是采用移动货币提高发展中国家税收绩效的主要途径。

3.Irrigationand the spatial pattern of local economic development in India

灌溉与印度地方经济发展的空间格局

David Blakeslee, AadityaDar, Ram Fishman, Samreen Malik, ... Karan Singh Bagavathinathan

We study the long-termimpact of large-scale irrigation infrastructure on the composition of localeconomic activity in India. Our analysis uses high-resolution spatial datacovering approximately 150,000 villages and towns and exploits spatialdiscontinuities in the coverage of irrigation projects. Irrigation increasesagricultural output, wealth, and population density in rural villages. However,in towns it reduces population and nightlight density, the size of thenon-agricultural sector, and large-firm activity. These results highlight theheterogeneous impacts that agricultural productivity gains can have on thepatterns local economic development.

我们研究了大规模灌溉基础设施对印度地方经济活动构成的长期影响。我们的分析使用了覆盖约15万个村庄和城镇的高分辨率空间数据，并利用了灌溉项目覆盖中的空间不连续性。灌溉增加了农村的农业产量、财富和人口密度。然而，在城镇，它减少了人口和夜间照明密度，减少了非农业部门的规模和大型企业的活动。这些结果强调了农业生产率提高对地方经济发展模式的异质影响。

4.Subjectiverisk belief function in the field: Evidence from cooking fuel choices andhealth in India

该领域的主观风险信念功能:来自印度烹饪燃料选择和健康的证据

Hide-Fumi Yokoo, Toshi H.Arimura, Mriduchhanda Chattopadhyay, Hajime Katayama

We investigate theaccuracy of the perceptions of health risks in India. The context of our studyis the risk of developing physical symptoms related to household air pollutioncaused by cooking. Using field data collected from 588 respondents in 17villages in West Bengal, we regress the probability of symptoms on fuel choicesto predict respondent-specific health risk changes. The estimated risks, whichwe treat as objective risks, are then compared with the correspondingsubjective probabilistic beliefs, which are elicited by an interactive methodwith visual aids. Our results show that, on average, the respondents slightlyunderestimate the change in risk when switching from cooking with firewood tocooking with liquefied petroleum gas, even though their beliefs arequalitatively correct. The results further show that risk misperception isassociated only with religion among individuals’ observed characteristics,suggesting that their unobserved characteristics play a substantial role inrisk misperception.

我们调查了印度人对健康风险认知的准确性。我们研究的背景是与烹饪引起的家庭空气污染相关的身体症状的风险。利用从西孟加拉邦17个村庄的588名受访者收集的现场数据，我们回归了燃料选择的症状概率，以预测受访者特定的健康风险变化。我们将估计的风险视为客观风险，然后将其与相应的主观概率信念进行比较，这是由视觉辅助的交互式方法引起的。我们的研究结果显示，平均而言，受访者略微低估了从柴火烹饪到液化石油气烹饪的风险变化，尽管他们的信念在本质上是正确的。结果进一步表明，在个体的可观察特征中，风险误解仅与宗教相关，这表明个体的不可观察特征在风险误解中起着重要作用。

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