22 Controlling interest控制股权 Ownership of 51 percent or more of the voting-stock (shares) that gives the owner(s) legal control of a firm.

23 Close corporation 不公开上市的公司A corporation in which all of the voting stock is held by a few shareholders, such as management or family members. also called private company.

24 Director’s fiduciary duty信托责任  [fi'dju:ʃjəri] A fiduciary duty (from Latin fiduciarius, meaning "(holding) in trust"; from fides, meaning "faith", and fiducia, meaning "trust") is a legal or ethical relationship of confidence or trust regarding the management of money or property between two or more parties, most commonly a fiduciary and a principal. One party, for example a corporate trust company or the trust department of a bank, holds a fiduciary relation or acts in a fiduciary capacity to another, such as one whose funds are entrusted to it for investment. In a fiduciary relation one person, in a position of vulnerability, justifiably reposes confidence, good faith, reliance and trust in another whose aid, advice or protection is sought in some matter. In such a relation good conscience requires one to act at all times for the sole benefit and interests of another, with loyalty to those interests. A fiduciary duty[1] is the highest standard of care at either equity or law. A fiduciary (abbreviation fid) is expected to be extremely loyal to the person to whom he owes the duty (the "principal"): he must not put his personal interests before the duty, and must not profit from his position as a fiduciary, unless the principal consents.

(fiduciary certification A process of ensuring that fiduciaries stick to the guidelines and practices for investments that state regulators determine. This includes legal requirements that must be fulfilled. These certifications are distributed at the state level, however, a court may revoke them if the holder's duties are not being followed.)

25 Activist shareholder维权股东

A stockholder whose purpose for holding the stock is to influence corporate decision-making. The investor may be motivated by self-centered or ethical intentions. A significant shareholder can influence decisions such as company pay scales, environmental impacts, product releases, and more.