在计算成本1的过程中,我们取人口增长率n等于零,其他经济参数和行为参数的估算方法不变,此时便可得到人口保持不变时我国通货膨胀的福利成本,见表3和表4中的成本3。
同样,在计算成本2的过程中我们取人口增长率n等于零,其他经济参数和行为参数的估算方法不变,此时便可得到即没有人口增长也没有货币利息收益时我国通货膨胀的福利成本,见表3和表4中的成本4。
表3 货币供给为M1时我国通货膨胀的福利成本
通货膨胀率(%) | 成本1(%) | 成本2(%) | 成本3(%) | 成本4(%) |
1 | 0.042 | 0.470 | 0.044 | 0.510 |
2 | 0.084 | 0.940 | 0.090 | 1.019 |
3 | 0.128 | 1.412 | 0.137 | 1.531 |
4 | 0.174 | 1.887 | 0.186 | 2.046 |
5 | 0.220 | 2.366 | 0.236 | 2.565 |
10 | 0.467 | 4.849 | 0.501 | 5.269 |
15 | 0.736 | 7.538 | 0.795 | 8.226 |
注:选取的基准通货膨胀率为零,通货膨胀的福利成本以占消费的百分比表示。
表4 货币供给为M2时我国通货膨胀的福利成本
通货膨胀率(%) | 成本1%) | 成本2(%) | 成本3(%) | 成本4(%) |
1 | 0.080 | 1.619 | 0.087 | 1.763 |
2 | 0.161 | 3.310 | 0.173 | 3.609 |
3 | 0.240 | 5.086 | 0.259 | 5.557 |
4 | 0.320 | 6.963 | 0.344 | 7.625 |
5 | 0.399 | 8.956 | 0.430 | 9.838 |
10 | 0.796 | 21.521 | 0.857 | 24.217 |
15 | 1.196 | 43.175 | 1.288 | 51.770 |
注:选取的基准通货膨胀率为零,通货膨胀的福利成本以占消费的百分比表示。
(二)我国通货膨胀的福利成本及分析
利用我们上面估计的各参数的值计算出的我国通货膨胀的福利成本见表3(货币供给为M1)和表4(货币供给为M2)。表3和表4给出了通货膨胀率从0分别增加到1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%和15%时的福利成本。首先,从表3和表4中的计算结果可以看出,考虑到货币的利息收益和人口增长后通货膨胀的福利成本(成本1)远远小于未考虑货币的利息收益和人口增长的通货膨胀的福利成本(成本4),同时也远远小于国内其他学者得出的我国通货膨胀的福利成本。例如,当通货膨胀率从0增加到15%,货币供给为M1和M2时成本1分别为当期消费的0.736%和1.196%,而成本4为8.226%和51.770%。根据龚六堂、邹恒甫和叶海云(2005)不考虑货币的利息收益的结果可以算出,当季度货币增长率为0.024(年通货膨胀率大约从0增加到11%)时,三种情形下通货膨胀的福利成本分别大约为当期消费的17%、21%和2%。陈彦斌和马莉莉(2007)在不考虑货币的利息收益和人口增长的情况下利用消费者剩余方法算出1996年我国通货膨胀率为8.3%时的福利成本为当期消费的12.99%。这说明货币的利息收益和人口增长的存在使我国通货膨胀的福利成本大大降低。
通过对比我们发现成本2远大于成本1,即不考虑货币利息收益时我国通货膨胀福利成本远大于考虑货币利息收益后我国通货膨胀的福利成本。这说明货币利息收益对我国通货膨胀福利成本的影响比较大,它的存在使我国通货膨胀的福利成本大大地降低。同时,通过对比我们还发现成本3略高于成本1,即不考虑人口增长时我国通货膨胀福利成本略大于考虑人口增长后我国通货膨胀的福利成本。这说明人口增长对我国通货膨胀的福利成本同样存在降低的作用但这种作用不大。因此,货币的利息收益和人口增长对我国通货膨胀的福利成本都存在负的影响。但是,人口增长对通货膨胀的福利成本影响并不是很大,货币的利息收益是通货膨胀福利成本大幅度下降的主要原因。
四、结语
本文在Jones、Asaftei & Wang(2004)工作的基础上,建立了包含人口增长和货币利息收益因素的货币效用模型,同时还构建了我国的Divisia货币数量指数和价格指数,来估计我国通货膨胀的福利损失。同时考虑货币的利息收益和人口增长这两个眼下中国存在的重要事实,也是本文的创新之处。
研究发现,在考虑了货币的利息收益和人口增长后,我国通货膨胀的福利成本大大降低。同时,货币的利息收益是通货膨胀福利成本下降的主要原因,人口增长对通货膨胀的福利成本的影响并不是很大。由于通货膨胀的福利成本的大大降低,我国ZF采取扩张性的货币政策时,不用过多考虑通货膨胀带来的社会福利损失,这就提高了我国货币政策的灵活性。
另外,本文对我国通货膨胀的福利成本的研究是初步的,以后的研究还可以从多个方面展开:首先,本文假设金融机构不持有存款准备金,以后的研究可以把存款准备金考虑进来;其次,本文研究的是一个封闭经济体,以后可以对开放经济下通货膨胀的福利成本进行研究;再次,本模型假设市场是完全竞争的,今后可以把该模型拓展到不完全竞争市场;还有,本文假设不存在技术进步,以后的研究可以把技术进步考虑进来;最后,我国的二元经济结构没有被考虑,以后的研究可以把该模型拓展到二元经济结构中,这将更加符合我国的现实。
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