1. 经济学人各板块文章介绍
我们先来看看每一期的经济学人都包含哪些内容。这是某一期的文章目录
1. The world this week: 主要是对过去一周发生的时事进行梳理,有点类似BBC和CNN的新闻报道,包含时事新闻和财经类新闻。对应音频朗读的语速较快,适合作为听力训练材料。
2. Leaders: 即社论,对本周热点事件进行报道和解读,文章长度中等,每篇的单词量在500到1200之间。社论文章往往写得短小精悍,信息量大,个人认为是TE中最有阅读价值的板块之一。
3. Letters:读者来信,经济学人的Letters版块刊登了每周的读者来信,杂志的定位为面向全球高端人群,给经济学人写信的读者包括大学教授,高层政府官员,国际组织负责人,甚至还有国家元首。这些信件用词精确,论证严谨,非常具有可读性。去年经济学人曾经做过一个China and the Internet 的特别报告,指责我朝的网络审查制度。文章发出不久后就收到了中国驻英大使对此的声明和解释。我们可以从读者来信中学习怎样就一个观点进行论证和反驳,从里面也可以学到很多议论文论证的经典句式。
4. Briefing: 该板块主要是对一个特定的热点话题进行深度讨论,一般每期都会有一个话题,比如之前的俄罗斯入侵乌克兰事件,世界杯,谷歌,在线教育,大学改革等。推荐阅读。
5. United States, The Americas, China ,Asia, Middle East and Africa ,Europe ,Britain ,International 这些板块分别是对世界各大洲和三个国家(美国,中国和英国)的本周热点报道和评论。
6. Business : 商业板块,主要报道解读本周全球热点商业新闻,信息量大,是很好的商业信息获取渠道。
7. Finance and economics : 财经新闻,主要是对相关财经新闻的报道。值得一提的是经济学人并不纯粹是一本专业的财经杂志,它其实是一本覆盖了政治,科技,文化,艺术,商业,财经等的综合杂志。即使是财经板块也对读者非常友好,没有太多复杂的专业术语,文章中有时候甚至连IPO(initial public offering)这样的单词都会拿出来解释。所以各位不用担心因为专业知识不够而读不懂文章。
8. Science and technology: 科技板块,大部分文章长度在500到1500词之间。文章难度较高,有时候会出现不少专业术语。据说是考研文章的重点题源。
9. Books and arts: 文化及书籍板块,主要内容是书评和对一些文化现象的讨论。这个板块的文章往往生词较多,用词也偏文学化,想提高词汇量的同学可以重点精读此板块的文章。
10. Obituary :讣告。经济学人中很多讣告写得爱憎分明,人物形象刻画非常生动,比如之前对撒切尔夫人,曼德拉和马尔克斯的讣告写得都非常精彩,推荐阅读。
11. Economic and financial indicators : 主要是一些商业及财经指数。
怎样获知自己的词汇量大小呢?这里可以提供一个测词汇量的网站Test Your Vocabulary , 测试的时候对自己要诚实,是多少就是多少。一般词汇量在8000左右就可以开始读经济学人了。这里要说一下词汇量的问题,多大的词汇量才够用?我的理解是,越大越好。是的,两三万算凑合,四五万也不嫌多。我们常常听过段子说英美某地的农民一生只用到几百个词汇结果还是活得好好的,但我们要知道几百词汇量那是英美文盲的水平,如果你要当文盲的话,那我也无话可说。国外有人做过统计,受过良好教育的英语母语人士词汇量普遍在30000左右,而且会随着年龄增长而不断提高。所以在积累词汇量的路上是永无止境的。我们的目标应该是追求更多。
Okay, 前面铺垫完我们进入正题,假如你词汇基础及格,语法靠谱,那么接下来怎样快速积累词汇提高语言应用水平呢。我的方法是,配合英英词典来精读文章。下面是具体的操作。这是经济学人最近一期的文章节选:
EVEN with the best will in the world—which, in 2014, has not been conspicuously forthcoming—theoutgoing year could not be regarded as one of the planet’s finest. Between war, disease andinsurrection, the past 12 months have often seemed a goryrelay for the apocalypse’s four horsemen. But look closely, and amid the misery there have been reasons for optimism. Whether by dint of boldness or stoicism, there are numerous candidates for the coveted title of The Economist’s country of the year.
In fact 2014 was a bad year for the very concept of countries, as well as for lots of individual nations. The pre-modern marauders of Islamic State (IS) rampaged between Iraq and Syria, and Russian forces dismembered Ukraine, as if borders were elastic lines rather than fixed frontiers. Boko Haram traduced the sovereignty of Nigeria while the Shabab convulsed the Horn of Africa. South Sudan, a brand new country born only three years ago, imploded in civil war.
以上段落中加黑标注斜线的是可能会碰到的生词,节选的两段文章只有短短的162词,但我们统计出来的生词数就有16个。当然,不同的文章生词出现的频率会稍有不同,但节选的段落具有很大的代表性。我们把这16个生词整理一下
1. Forthcoming 2. Outgoing 3. Insurrection 4. Gory 5. Relay 6. apocalypse’s four horsemen 7. Dint 8. Stoicism 9. Coveted 10. Marauder 11. Rampaged 12. Dismembered 13. Traduced 14. Elastic 15. Convulsed 16. Imploded
对这些整理下来的生词,我们接下来的做法是:吃透每一个生词。怎样吃透?这个时候我们的英英词典就要派上用场了,举个例子,forthcoming , 我们查询后的结果如下:
以上分别是韦氏大学,柯林斯和朗文词典对forthcoming 这个词的解释。我们可以从中提取出forthcoming 的几个意思: 1. being about to happen 2. willing to give information ,那么结合原文”EVEN with the best will in the world—which, in 2014, has not been conspicuously forthcoming” ,这里的forthcoming 应该是选取第一个解释” being about to happen “这样我们也就比较清楚地理解了这个词的用法。我们接下来还要把它们整理下来。前面的word文档就是为此而准备的(其他记事工具也行)。我们需要把forthcoming 所在的原句以及英英词典里的经典例句整理到word文档里面。整理后应该是这样的
1. EVEN with the best will in the world—which, in 2014, has not been conspicuously forthcoming—the outgoing year could not be regarded as one of the planet’s finest.(原句)
2. Keep an eye on the noticeboards for forthcoming events. (词典例句1)
3. IBM is usually pretty forthcoming about the markets for its products.(词典例句2)
词典例句的选取应该遵守短小精炼,能够覆盖单词主要意思的原则。我们通过这三个例句就可以比较好地掌握forthcoming的意思。接下来的15个单词按照同样的方法进行整理,我们就可以得到一个例句文档了。
事实上一篇1000词左右的文章可以整理出30-50个生词,如果每天能够吃透一两篇文章掌握所有单词的话,你的词汇量增长将会非常可观。而且结合语境的记忆效果也非常好,容易转化为积极词汇。比如我们可以现学现用,很容易地造出像”I had difficulty getting any details. He wasn't very forthcoming=[he wasn‘t very helpful ].” 这样的句子出来。
举个例子,刚才那段节选文章里有一句: The pre-modern marauders of Islamic State (IS) rampaged between Iraq and Syria, and Russian forces dismembered Ukraine, as if borders were elastic lines rather than fixed frontiers. 读到这里有没有一种“哇,写得真牛逼“的感觉?是的,最后一句的比喻写得太棒了,把国家的边界比喻成橡皮筋,可进可退,可伸可缩,借此来讽刺IS和俄罗斯随意入侵别国的行径。
再举个例子,“用户的喜好决定产品的成败”用英文怎么说?
Customers’ preference determines whether products are successful or not. 似乎不是很满意。之前写中国消费者的文章中出现过一句话"Their likes and dislikes make or break products. " 句子够简单吧,但写得非常有水平。用“likes and dislikes”来代替"preference ",用"make or break" 来代替"success or failure ",非常巧妙,而且整个句子读起来还很带感。原来还可以这样写。
再来一个,怎样表达“XX很流行,无处不在”?ubiquitous/commonplace/universal/pervasive 可以但不是很形象,经济学人的商业板块上曾经有一个句子”It is getting harder to go anywhere without stepping on a piece of Lego-related hype”, "It is getting harder to go anywhere without doing...", 这个句型很形象地说明了流行的程度——几乎是随处可见,躲也躲不开。" hype"在英文里指"extravagant or intensive publicity or promotion",句子中的"Lego-related hype"指的是“跟乐高产品相关的广告宣传”,所以我们可以造句如下:
1. It is getting harder to go anywhere without noticing all kinds of Apple-related products.
2. It has become harder to do anything without using digital gadgets--for many, they have become part of their life.
再比如经济学人去年一篇关于中国环境保护的文章中有这样一句“The new rules should thus expose polluters to a scissor-style pressure :from above,through the central planning system ,and from below,from the media and organisations such as Mr.Ma's" 这句话也写得非常牛逼,污染者正在遭受剪刀式的压力scissor-style pressure 就是自上而下和自下而上的压力。冒号后面的内容解释了这个形象的比喻:中央计划系统从上方施压,媒体及社会组织从下方施压
如果要表达下降,经济下滑,你能想到几个表达?decline,drop,fall? 我们来看看大神是怎么写的:
Eventually, America ran into trouble too. The tech-stock bubble burst in early 2000, prompting a broader share price slump. Business investment, particularly in technology, sank; and as share prices fell, consumers cut back. By early 2001 America, along with most of the rich world, hadslipped into recession, albeit a mild one.
Germany’s growth rate has tumbled to around 1%.
But if the world economy does stumble, restoring stability will be harder this time round because policymakers have so little room for maneuver.