我们必须区分事实本身和它是否公平两个方面的问题。
    实证经济学：分析和经验例证
    规范经济学：伦理信条和价值判断。

    市场经济是一种主要由个人和私人企业决定生产和消费的经济制度。企业采用成本最低的生产技术（如何生产），生产那些利润最高的商品（生产什么）。消费则取决于个人如何决策去花费他们的收入（为谁生产）。
    指令经济是由ZF做出有关生产和分配的所有重大决策。
    当今世界各国大部分实行的都是混合经济制度。

    投入指的是生产物品和劳务的过程中所使用的物品或者劳务。
    产出是指生产过程中创造的各种有用的物品或者劳务。
   
    投入也叫生产要素：土地（自然资源）、劳动、资本。

    生产可能性边界（production-possibility frontier,PPF）表示在技术知识和可投入品数量既定的条件下，一个经济体所能得到的最大产量。PPF代表可供社会利用的物品和劳务的不同组合。
   
     机会成本：那些所放弃的选择就是你的该项决策的机会成本。
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