福格尔是进入芝大“社会思想委员会”的唯一一名经济学家，大约可以推测福格尔的知识是最渊博的，思想是最深邃的。去年诺贝尔文学奖得主库切也在这个委员会里面。

奈特，据周其仁说应该属于老制度经济学派。他门下三个弟子获得了诺奖！包括弗里德曼、贝克尔和斯蒂格勒。Frank H. Knight, 1885-1972.

The "Grand Old Man" of Chicago, Frank H. Knight was one of the century's most eclectic economists and perhaps the deepest thinker and scholar American economics has produced. Jointly with Jacob Viner, Knight presided over the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago from the 1920s to the late 1940s, and played a central role in setting the character of that department that was perhaps only comparable to Schumpeter's tenure over Harvard or Robbins's at the L.S.E.

His famous dissertation Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921) remains one of the most interesting reads in economics even today. In it, Knight made his famous distinction between "risk" (randomness with knowable probabilities) and "uncertainty" (randomness with unkowable probabilities), set forth the role of the entrepreneur in a distinctive theory of profit and gave one of the earliest presentations of the the now-famous law of variable proportions in the theory of production.

While irreducibly Neoclassical in a general sense, Knight's peculiar economics were a direct inheritance of his Cornell professor, Herbert J. Davenport and what was then called the "American Psychological School" which sought to ground the Marginalist high theory of Jevons, Wicksteed and the Austrians in the relativist foundations of Thorstein Veblen's methodology.

Like Davenport, the notoriously belligerent Knight criticized other schools on several accounts while also adopting some of their ideas: for instance, from the Walrasians he adopted the idea of theoretical rigor and viewing the economy in terms of multiple markets, but disparaged their mathematical propensities; from the Austrians he adopted their theory of alternative cost, but attacked their theory of capital; from the Marshallians he adopted their literary tone, but attacked their lack of rigor and their "real" theory of cost; from the Ricardians, he adopted a concern with the interaction between social structure and theory but attacked the objectivist basis of their theory; from the Marxians, he adopted many of their ideas about the ethical critique of capitalism as well as its tendency towards the concentration of capital, but he abhorred the labor theory of value; from the Institutionalists, he adopted their concern with social impact on behavior and evolution, but he opposed their empirical techniques and conclusions ("history is to be sensed, not plotted", as Knight put it).

The famously opinionated Knight used his numerous book reviews in Chicago's Journal of Political Economy as a vehicle for his thoughts on many subjects. As a result, he was embroiled in many debates with the most prominent economists of his day ranging over capital theory (versus Hayek, Mises and the Austrians, e.g. 1933, 1935, 1937), welfare theory (versus Pigou, e.g. 1924), Keynesian theory (1937) and positivist methodology (versus Hutchison (1940)).

Thus, Knight amalgamated much of what was contained all over the spectrum of economic theory - but without once losing the skeptic's dissecting eye. Perhaps because he was endowed with enough of the demeanour and knowledge of a philosopher, sociologist and historian as well as an economist, he was able to appear as a kindred spirit to all schools as well as an opponent at the same time.

As noted, Knight was one of the leaders of the inter-war "Chicago School" (although we must keep in mind that during his stay there, the Chicago School had a much different tone than it acquired later). Yet, even then, he managed to remain an outsider in his own kingdom. Knight's well-known dislike of quantitative methods and especially empirical techniques brought him into conflict with several colleagues - notably, Henry Schultz, Paul Douglas and Oskar Lange. His opposition to the Marshallian propensities of his co-giant, Jacob Viner, earned him the latter's respect but not necessarily his friendship. Even Knight's own unlikely proteg?Henry Simons, differed substantially from Knight on most matters.

Like Schumpeter (whom he both admired and resembled in many ways), Knight was an avid proponent of a cosmopolitan laissez-faire -- but he did so on unique, "non-consequentialist" grounds. As is evident in his famous "Ethics of Competition" (1923) and in other works on ethics throughout his life, Knight does not regard the capitalist system as ethically defensible. Capitalism, he claims, does not produce what people want but merely creates the wants for what it produces - "the freest individual...is in large measure a product of the economic environment that has formed his desires and needs, given him whatever marketable productive capacities he has, and which largely controls his opportunities." (Knight, 1923). Furthermore, he argued that there was a tendency in market systems towards monopoly, that the "efficiency" of markets was misleading for there was no sense of "usefulness" of its output to society, that the marginal productivity thesis had erroneous ethical implications as "the income does not go to "factors" but to their owners...and ownership of personal or material productive capacity is based upon a complex mixture of inheritance, luck and effort, probably in that order of relative importance" (Knight, 1923).

Knight's peculiar ethical assault on the market system and "apologetic economics" did not diminish his penchant for laissez-faire as a policy conclusion. The economy, he argued, is a very complex and unstable thing. Programs of government intervention are too simplistic and do not take into account the complexities of a market economy - thus making interventionism even more dangerous. Laissez-faire is recommended, he argued, not because it "works" (for it patently does not) but rather because it holds individual freedom as a absolute good and the alternative may be much worse.

As a result, Knight's position is quite the reverse of the Second Chicago School economists of the 1960s, (i.e. Friedman, Stigler and company). The Second Chicago School tended to argue the positivist line that laissez-faire is desirable because it delivers the goods, and not because it is a good in itself. Indeed, throughout his life, Knight explicitly deplored and attacked many of the assumptions that the Second Chicago School held dear: e.g. the denial of the importance of monopolistic competition, the assumption of consumer sovereignty, stable preferences, efficient outcomes of markets, empirical-intuitive reasoning, interdisciplinary imperialism, etc.

All these items are precisely and directly opposed to virtually every important argument and position of Knight's. Indeed, the later Chicago School's declared "positivist" methodology was wryly characterized by Knight as "the emotional pronouncement of value judgements condemning emotion and value judgements which seems to [me] a symptom of a defective sense of humor" (Knight, 1940). However, we must grant that Knight's theories of capital (Knight viewed all factors as capital to a greater or lesser degree) and his "public choice" view of political behavior could be said to have persisted in at least some quarters of the modern Chicago School.

In this sense, then, Knight, like Schumpeter, carved a unique path in economics -- being claimed by many schools of thought as one of their own, without really belonging to any. Unfortunately, also like Schumpeter, although he educated and influenced many students, Knight failed to acquire any followers and failed to build up a distinctive "school of thought" around himself. We can see some traces of his persective in the work of Kenneth E. Boulding, Martin Bronfenbrenner, James M. Buchanan and George J. Stigler, but they can hardly be called "Knightians" in any meaningful sense.

Major Works of Frank H. Knight "The Concept of Normal Price in Value and Distribution", 1917, QJE. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, 1921. "Cost of Production and Price Over Long and Short Periods", 1921, JPE. "Cassel's Theoretische Sozial鰇onomie", 1921, JPE. "Ethics and the Economic Interpretation", 1922, QJE. "The Ethics of Competition", 1923, QJE. "Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost", 1924, QJE. "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", 1924, in Tugwell, editor, Trend of Economics. "A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity", 1925, JPE. "Economic Psychology and the Value Problem", 1925, QJE. "Economics at its Best: Review of Pigou", 1926, AER. "Historical and Theoretical Issues in the Problem of Modern Capitalism", 1928, Journal of Econ & Business History. "A Suggestion for Simplifying the Statement of the General Theory of Price", 1928, JPE. "Freedom as Fact and Criterion", 1929, Int J of Ethics "Statics and Dynamics: Some queries regarding the mechanical analogy in economics", 1930, ZfN. "Professor Fisher's Interest Theory: A case in point", 1931, JPE. "Modern Economic Society Further Considered", 1932, JPE. The Economic Organisation, 1933. "Capitalistic Production, Time and the Rate of Return", 1933, in Essays in Honor of Gustav Cassel. "The Nature of Economic Science in Some Recent Discussion", 1934, AER. "Social Science and the Political Trend", 1934, Univ of Toronto Quarterly "Common-Sense of Political Economy: Wicksteed Reprinted", 1934, JPE. The Ethics of Competitition and Other Essays, 1935. "The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution", 1935, Canadian JE. "A Comment on Machlup", 1935, JPE. "Professor Hayek and the Theory of Investment", 1935, EJ. "The Theory of Investment Once More: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians", 1935, QJE. "Some Issues in the Economics of Stationary States", 1936, AER. "The Place of Marginal Economics in a Collectivist System", 1936, AER. "The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest", 1936, JPE. - See review by Ross Emmett "Pragmatism and Social Action: Review of Dewey", 1936, Int J of Ethics "Note on Dr. Lange's Interest Theory", 1937, RES. "Unemployment: and Mr. Keynes's revolution in economic theory", 1937, Canadian JE. "On the Theory of Capital: In reply to Mr. Kaldor", 1938, Econometrica. "The Ethics of Liberalism", 1939, Economica. "Socialism: The nature of the problem", 1940, Ethics "`What is Truth' in Economics", 1940, JPE. "The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economics: a rejoinder", 1941, JPE "Religion and Ethics in Modern Civilization", 1941, J of Liberal Religion "The Meaning of Democracy: its politico-economic structure and ideals", 1941, J of Negro Education "Social Science", 1941, Ethics. "The Business Cycle, Interest and Money: A methodological approach", 1941, REStat. "Professor Mises and the Theory of Capital", 1941, Economica. "The Role of the Individual in the Economic World of the Future", 1941, JPE. "Science, Philosophy and Social Procedure", 1942, Ethics "Fact and Value in Social Science", 1942, in Anshen, editor, Science and Man "Some Notes on the Economic Interpretation of History", 1942, Studies in the History of Culture. "Social Causation", 1943, American Journal of Sociology. "Diminishing Returns Under Investment", 1944, JPE. "Realism and Relevance in the Theory of Demand", 1944, JPE. "The Rights of Man and Natural Law", 1944, Ethics "Human Nature and World Democracy", 1944, American J of Sociology. "Economics, Political Science and Education", 1944, AER The Economic Order and Religion, with T.W. Merriam, 1945. "Immutable Law in Economics: Its reality and limitations", 1946, AER. "The Sickness of Liberal Society", 1946, Ethics "Salvation by Science: The gospel according to Professor Lundberg", 1947, JPE. Freedom and Reform: Essays in economics and social philosophy, 1947. "Free Society: Its basic nature and problem", 1948, Philosophical Review. "The Role of Principles in Economics and Politics", 1951, AER. "Institutionalism and Empiricism in Economics", 1952, AER. On the History and Methods of Economics: Selected essays, 1956. Intelligence and Democratic Action, 1960. "Methodology in Economics", 1961, Southern EJ "Abstract Economics as Absolute Ethics", 1966, Ethics. "Laissez Faire: Pro and con", 1967, JPE.

Resources on F.H.Knight HET Pages: the Risk and Uncertainty, the Opportunity Cost Debates, Law of Variable Proportions Ross Emmett's "What is Truth in Capital Theory?" page on Frank Knight. Ross Emmett's "Ethics of Competition" page. "Clarifying Frank Knight's discussion of the meaning of risk and uncertainty" by J. Runde, 1998, Cambridge Economics Journal F.H. Knight entry at Britannica.com F.H. Knight at Liberty Fund Extracts of Knight's "Economics and Human Action" provided by Laura Forgette.

至少还有你，哈耶克。我马上让贴出来。可惜不知怎么回事，照片都无法上传，憾哉！

侠之大者——哈耶克，偶认为人类最有思想的人之一。

Friedrich August von Hayek, 1889-1992

Among the most masterful and insightful of 20th Century economists, Friedrich A. von Hayek alone could have stood shoulder-to-shoulder with his great rival, J.M. Keynes. Trained by Wieser and B鰄m-Bawerk in the Austrian tradition at Vienna, F.A. Hayek nonetheless carved a distinct spot in the economic pantheon - in some ways more different from the Austrian School than that of his friend and intellectual companion, Ludwig von Mises.

After some fundamental early contributions (e.g. his 1928 article is often credited with having introduced the concept of a fully intertemporal equilibrium), Hayek's early work was primarily in monetary cycle theory (1929, 1931, 1939). Drawing upon the "cumulative process" of Knut Wicksell and a Continental tradition of multi-sectoral overinvestment models, Hayek argued that when finance permitted investment to be greater than savings, then both desired investment and consumption demand cannot be met by actual output - thus there will be "forced saving" and changing degrees of "capital intensity" (with capital conceived in a very Austrian sense) changing output and employment. However, forced savings are not sustainable as capital goods demand will not be maintained if consumer goods producers are being dried of consumption demand. Thus, there is a contraction in output and a subsequent fall in capital intensity. Hayek argued that this "concertina" process was the main motor behind business cycles.

Hayek presented his main treatise on monetary cycle theory in a slim book, Prices and Production (1931), in England and was immediately drafted by Lord Robbins to join the L.S.E. - where he would serve as that institution's answer to Cambridge's John Maynard Keynes who was then working on similar issues. Keynes did not take lightly the criticisms Hayek made of his Treatise on Money (1930), and thus Keynes and Sraffa joined forces to bury Hayek and his cycle theory in the Economic Journal in 1932.

At the L.S.E., Hayek was instrumental in furthering its then-novel "continental" bent and he was highly influential on his junior colleagues (such as Hicks) and students (which included Lerner and Kaldor). However, following the appearance of the General Theory by J.M. Keynes in 1936, Lerner and Kaldor, like the rest of the economics profession, were drawn away from Hayek's orbit. Kaldor's departure was particularly stinging - since his subsequent criticisms of the "Ricardo Effect" upon which Hayek was hanging the remnants of a shredded cycle theory, led Hayek to abandon his cycle theory entirely.

Hayek's attempted to work a new system in his Pure Theory of Capital (1941), which he originally envisioned as a part of a larger work. In it, he attempted to develop a joint theory of investment and capital. Inexplicably, his 1941 book fell dead-born from the press and proved to be his last substantial effort in the area of theoretical Neoclassical economics. Nonetheless, many of the Hayekian capital themes would emerge later in the theory of investment by his students, notably Friedrich and Vera Lutz and Abba Lerner and, more distantly, Trygve Haavelmo.

Hayek turned in 1944 to the political arena with his Road to Serfdom, a polemical defense of laissez-faire - the work for which he is best known outside academia. His subsequent political activities include the foundation of the libertarian "Mont Pelerin Society" in the 1940s.

In 1935, Hayek had edited a book on the Socialist Calcuation debate in which Mises had been engaged. In resurrecting Barone's 1908 article, Hayek realized that the Mises attack on the socialist position was untenable. As a result, in several famous articles - notably, "Economics and Knowledge" (1937) and "On the Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) - Hayek composed a response which advanced the "Socialist Calculation" debate to a new level. Succinctly, he claimed, countering Lange and the Paretians, that prices are not merely "rates of exchange between goods", but rather "a mechanism for communicating information" (Hayek, 1945). Hayek argued that people have little knowledge of the world beyond their immediate surroundings and this is what forces them to be price-takers - the crucial ingredient that makes the price system work. If, on the other hand, a particular agent's knowledge were greater, agents would then refuse to act as price-takers but rather make decisions in a way which would manipulate their environment to their advantage thereby destroying the price system. In a complex, uncertain environment, Hayek argument, agents are not able to predict the consequences of their actions, and only this way could the price system work. In Hayek's words, the "fatal conceit" of the Oskar Lange and other "Socialists" in the calculation debate was that they believed this order could be "designed" by a planner who just gets the prices right, without realising that a price system evolved spontaneously as a result of lack of knowledge. The same limited knowledge which afflicts the agent's predictive power must necessarily constrain the planner's as well.

Hayek enhanced this argument with considerations of "spontaneous order" - the idea that a harmonious, evolving order arises from the interaction of a decentralized, heterogeneous group of self-seeking agents with limited knowledge. This order, he claimed, was not "designed" nor could be "designed" by a social planner, even a very wise one, but merely "emerged" or evolved spontaneously from a seemingly complex network of interaction among agents with limited knowledge. Hayek's elaborations on this complex, evolving spontaneous order are found in various places (e.g. 1952, 1964). Hayek continued with his work on "evolving order", linking it with his work on political and legal theory (e.g. 1960, 1973). In tackling the evolution of political, social, legal and economic institutions, Hayek is rightly conceived as one of the founding fathers of "evolutionary economics".

In many ways, one can see how the work of the social "evolutionist" and skeptic philosopher, David Hume was particularly influential on Hayek. Indeed, Hayek's scholarly work on the history of economic thought - e.g. on John Stuart Mill, Richard Cantillon and the Bullionist Debates - often echoed his search for bedfellows in the past, those who had resisted the "rational", calculable worldviews and simplistic solutions ever-so-present within intellectual circles. In his work on the philosophy of science (1952), Hayek traces the intellectual roots of the rational-socialist tendencies of economics to the theories of Comte and Saint-Simon in the 19th Century.

Hayek's efforts were nonetheless ignored in the Keynesian mainstream which then dominated economics. Finding a deaf ear in economics, he looked elsewhere. In an apparently bizarre interlude, Hayek turned his attention to psychology - turning out an anti-behaviorist (and Hume-drenched) tract, The Sensory Order (1952), which fit into his "group selection" type of evolution he had applied to his "spontaneous order" in economics.

All this led to one of his most famous works, the Constitution of Liberty(1960) bringing all his previous work on political theory together into one magnificent defense of "Old Whig" political doctrine and a return attack on the Saint-Simon-Comte collectivism.

Having seen his old idea of a "commodity reserve currency" (1943) fail to generate much interest, Hayek turned in the 1970s to champion the cause of a "free banking system" originally proposed by Vera Smith Lutz and the devolution of monetary control away from the central banks and into the hands of private banks (1978). This drew upon him the opposition of Milton Friedman and the Chicago Monetarists.

After spending many fruitful years at the L.S.E., Hayek joined the Committee on Social Thought (not the economics department) of the University of Chicago in 1950. In 1962, Hayek left for the University of Freiburg in Germany and subsequently Salzburg, where he spent his remaining years. Hayek shared the Nobel Prize with Gunnar Myrdal in 1974 in one of the more controversial and surprising awards ever made (controversial because Myrdal had called for the abolition of the Nobel prize as a result of it having been awarded to Hayek and Friedman, and surprising for, at that time, Hayek was virtually forgotten in the economics profession). Interest in Hayek and his work increased after the 1974 award (his Nobel speech being a reiteration of his Counterrevolution thesis) and has kept on that track until today - his stock being enormously boosted by the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe.

Major Works of Friedrich A. Hayek "The Monetary Policy of the United States After the Recovery from the 1920 Crisis", 1925, ZfVS. "Friedrich von Wieser", 1926, JfNS. "Intertemporal Price Equilibrium and Movements in the Value of Money", 1928, WWA. Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle , 1929 "The Paradox of Saving", 1929, ZfN. Prices and Production , 1931 "Reflections on the Pure Theory of Money of Mr. J.M. Keynes", 1931-2, Economica. "A Note on the Development of the Doctrine of Forced Saving", 1932, QJE. "The Present State and Immediate Prospects of the Study of Industrial Fluctuations", 1933, in Spiethoff festschrift. "The Trend of Economic Thinking", 1933, Economica. "On Neutral Money", 1933, ??? "Carl Menger, 1840-1921", 1934, Economica. "The Maintenance of Capital", 1935, Economica. "Socialist Calculation", two articles in Hayek, 1935, editor, Collectivist Economic Planning. "Price Expectations, Monetary Disturbances and Malinvestments", 1935, Nationalokonisk Tidskrift. "Richard Cantillon: His life and work", 1936, Revue des Sciences Economiques. "Economics and Knowledge", 1937, Economica. "Investment that Raises the Demand for Capital", 1937, REStat. Profits, Interest and Investment: And other essays on the theory of industrial fluctuations , 1939. "The Socialist Calculation: the competitive solution", 1940, Econometrica. The Pure Theory of Capital , 1941 "The Ricardo Effect", 1942, Economica "The Facts of the Social Sciences", 1943, Ethics. "A Commodity Reserve Currency", 1943, EJ. The Road to Serfdom , 1944 "The Use of Knowledge in Society", 1945, AER. Individualism and Economic Order , 1948 "The Intellectuals and Socialism", 1949, U of Chicago Law Review. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor, 1951. The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the abuse of reason, 1952. The Sensory Order: an inquiry into the foundations of theoretical psychology,, 1952. "Degrees of Explanation", 1955, British Journal for Philosophy of Science. "The Dilemma of Specialization", 1956, in White, editor, State of Social Sciences. The Constitution of Liberty, 1960. "The Non Sequitur of the Dependence Effect", 1961, Southern EJ. "Rules, Perception and Intelligibility", 1962, Proceedings of British Academy. "The Economy, Science and Politics", 1963. "The Theory of Complex Phenomena", 1964, in Bunge, editor,The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy. "Kinds of Rationalism", 1965, ESQ. "Principles of a Liberal Social Order", 1966, Il Politico. "Dr. Bernard Mandeville, 1670-1733", 1966, Proceedings of British Academy. "The Legal and Political Philosophy of David Hume", 1967, Il Politico. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Sociology , 1967. "Competition as a Discovery Procedure", 1968, ??? "The Primacy of the Abstract", 1968, ??? "Three Elucidations of the Ricardo Effect", 1969, JPE. A Tiger by the Tail, 1972. Law, Legislation and Liberty, 3 volumes, 1973-79. "The Pretence of Knowledge", 1975, Les Prix Nobel en 1974 Denationalisation of Money: The argument refined, 1978. New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas, 1978. "Can We Still Avoid Inflation?" (orig. 1970) "Ludwig von Mises", 1977. "Toward a Free-Market Monetary System", 1979, J of Libertarian Studies. Money, Capital and Fluctuations: Early essays, 1984. The Fatal Conceit: Or the errors of socialism, 1988

Resources on F.A.Hayek The Hayek Scholars Page of Greg Ransom - excellent -- massive bibliographies and links. Curriculum Vitae of Hayek at Nobel Institute Press release of Nobel award (1974) Hayek Page at Nobel Prize Internet Archive "Friedrich August von Hayek" by Roger Garrison and Israel Kirzner (1987), in New Palgrave Roger Garrison's Time and Money: the macroeconomics of capital structure, 2000 Roger Garrison's Powerpoint Presentation of Hayek's Macroeconomic Theory (nice!) "Phillips Curves And Hayekian Triangles: Two Perspectives on Monetary Dynamics" by Don Bellante and Roger W. Garrison (1988), HOPE "Hayek Made No Contributions?" by Roger Garrison (1999), The Freeman Peter Boettke's Essay on Hayek. Friedrich Hayek Papers at Hoover Institution Bibliography of Hayek The L.S.E.'s Hayek Society. Greg Ransom's list of articles on Hayek that are available on internet - excellent. Greg Ransom's Hayek Quote page. Greg Ransom's Hayek quote sources page. Reason magazine interview with Hayek Hayek Biography by Peter Klein, at von Mises Institute "On the Legacy of Mises and Hayek: Symposium", Cato Journal, 1999 Hayek-L e-mail list. "Hayekian Triangles and Beyond" by Roger Garrison (1994), in Birner and van Zijp, eds. Hayek, Coordination and Evolution Hayek Centennial at Freiburg Hayek Page at LSE History Hayek Page at Britannica.com Hayek page at Britannica Guide to the Nobel Prizes Hayek Page at Laura Forgette

诺斯，福格尔的亲密“战友”，华盛顿大学教授，暂时还没有找到其在华大的官方主页，先看看这个，以飨网友。

Douglass North shared the Nobel memorial prize in 1993 with R.W. Fogel.

Major Works of Douglass C. North Economic Growth of the United States, 1790 to 1860, 1961. Growth and Welfare in the American Past: A new economic history, 1966. "An Economic Theory of the Growth of the Western World", with R.P. Thomas, 1970, Econ Hist Rev. Institutional Change and American Economic Growth, with L.E. Davis, 1971. The Rise of the Western World: A new economic history, with R.P. Davis, 1973. "The First Economic Revolution", with R.P. Thomas, 1977, Econ Hist Rev. "Structure and Performance: the task of economic history", 1978, JEL Structure and Change in Economic History, 1981. "Economic Performance Through Time", 1994, AER

Resources on D.C.North Autobiography of North at Nobel site. Press release of Nobel award (1993). North entry at Britannica.com North Page at Britannica Guide to the Nobel Prizes North Page at Nobel Prize Internet Archive "Midwestern Professors Net Nobel", 1993, Boston Globe "Economie proc閐urale, Nouvelle Sociologie Economique et R閟eaux" by Renaud Phelizon, 1997

布坎南，公共选择理论奠基人，1986年诺奖得主。

James M. Buchanan Jr., 1919-

Major Works of James M. Buchanan

"The Pure Theory of Public Finance: A suggested approach", 1949, JPE "Individual Choice in Voting and the Market", 1954, JPE "Social Choice in Voting and Free Markets", 1954, JPE Public Principles of Public Debt, 1958. "Positive Economics, Welfare Economics and Political Economy", 1959, J Law Econ Fiscal Theory and Political Economy, 1960. "Externality", with W.C. Stubblebine, 1962, Economica The Calculus of Consent: Logical foundations for constitutional democracy, with G. Tullock, 1962. "What Should Economists Do?", 1964, Southern EJ "Ethical Rules, Expected Values and Large Numbers", 1965, Ethics "Economics and Its Scientific Neighbors", 1966, in Krupp, editor, Structure of Economic Science Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal institutions and democratic choice, 1967. Demand and Supply of Public Goods, 1968. "An Economist's Approach to Scientific Politics", 1968, in Parsons, editor, Perspectives in the Study of Politics. Cost and Choice: An inquiry into economic theory, 1969. "Is Economics the Science of Choice?", 1969, in Streissler, editor, Roads to Freedom "Notes for an Economic Theory of Socialism", 1970, Public Choice Academia in Anarchy, with N.Devletoglou, 1971. "Equality as Fact and Norm", 1971, Ethics "Before Public Choice", 1973, in Tullock, editor, Explorations in the Theory of Anarchy The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan, 1975. "Public Finance and Public Choice", 1975, National Tax Journal "A Contractarian Paradigm for Applying Economic Theory", 1975, AER "Barro on the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem", 1976, JPE "Methods and Morals in Economics", 1976, in Breit and Culbertson, editors, Science and Ceremony Democracy in Deficit: the political legacy of Lord Keynes, with R.E. Wagner, 1977. "Markets, States and the Extent of Morals", 1978, AER Freedom in Constitutional Contract, 1978. What Should Economists Do?, 1979. The Power to Tax: the analytical foundations of a fiscal constitution, with G. Brennan, 1980. "The Homogenization of Heterogeneous Inputs", with R.D. Tollison, 1981, AER "The Domain of Subjective Economics: Between predictive science and moral philosophy", 1982, in Kirzner, editor, Method, Process and Austrian Economics "Order Defined in the Process of Emergence", 1982, Literature of Liberty The Reason of Rules: constitutional political economy with G. Brennan, 1985. Liberty, Market and the State, 1986. "The Constitution of Economic Policy", 1987, AER Economics: between predictive science and moral philosophy, with G. Brennan, 1988. Explorations in Constitutional Economics, 1989. The Economics and Ethics of Constitutional Order, 1991. "From the Inside Looking Out", 1991, in Szenberg, editor, Eminent Economists Constitutional Economics. Better than Ploughing and other personal essays. 1992 "Economic freedom and competitive federalism: prospects for the new century", 1996, Nobelists for the Future "Generalized Increasing Returns, Euler's Theorem, and Competitive Equilibrium" with Yong J. Yoon, 1999, HOPE Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, 1999

Resources on James M. Buchanan Buchanan's homepage at George Mason University. Curriculum Vitae of Buchanan at GMU Buchanan Festschrift at George Mason University -- lots of articles on Buchanan! Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, 1999 at Liberty Fund Curriculum Vitae of Buchanan at Nobel site. Press release of Nobel award (1986). James M. Buchanan Center for Political Economy at GMU Region's interview with Buchanan. "Buchanan and Shackle on Cost, Choice and Subjective Economics" by S C Littlechild Buchanan Page at Britannica.com Buchanan at Britannica Guide to the Nobel Prizes Buchanan Page at Nobel Prize Internet Archive Buchanan page at PEI Buchanan at Bartleby Buchanan page at Nobelists for the Future Buchanan Page at Laura Forgette.

以下内容来自乔治梅森大学布坎南主页：

James M. Buchanan, Nobel Prize winner in Economic Science, 1986, is currently Advisory General Director of the Center for Study of Public Choice, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics, Board of Visitors, President, and Faculty George Mason University 15 Oct 1999, and University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics and Philosophy, Board of Visitors & Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA Apr 26 1999. Professor Buchanan received his doctorate from the University of Chicago (1948) and subsequently taught at the University of Tennessee, Florida State University, University of Virginia, UCLA, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University where he established the Center for Study of Public Choice. He moved from the Center to George Mason University in 1983. Holder of four honorary doctoral degrees from Universities worldwide, and Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association, Professor Buchanan is author of over thirteen books and hundreds of articles in the areas of public finance, public choice, constitutional economics and economic philosophy. He is best known for such works as Fiscal Theory and Political Economy, The Calculus of Consent, The Limits of Liberty, Democracy in Deficit, The Power to Tax, and The Reason of Rules

不过，我还是觉得这个地址更详细，有链接，感兴趣的进入http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/buchanan.htm

[此贴子已经被sun_man于2007-5-20 9:27:11编辑过]

威廉姆森——新制度经济学大厦的另一位奠基人，首次提出“资产专用性”和“治理结构”概念。我认为，他的思想被国人忽略，因为没有得诺奖。建议大家有空读读《资本主义经济制度》。

Oliver E. Williamson Edgar F. Kaiser Professor of Business Administration Professor of Economics Professor of Law University of California Berkeley Access: Curriculum Vitae (pdf) Working Papers Business & Public Policy Group Econ 224 (Spring '03) An interview with Oliver Williamson

A article by Oliver Williamson in the recent issue of Anti-Trust Magazine

Mail: Office: Office Hours: Phone: Fax: Contact: Office: Office Hours: Contact: e-mail: Walter A. Haas School of Business S545 Student Services Bldg. #1900 Berkeley, CA 94720-1900 F591 Haas School Faculty Wing Thursdays 3-4pm (510) 642-8697 (510) 642-2628 (510) 642-6471 (Gwen Cheeseburg) 595 Evans Hall Thursday 3:00-4:00 (510) 642-1466 (Jane Turbiner) owilliam@haas.berkeley.edu

更多资料，请看http://groups.haas.berkeley.edu/bpp/oew/

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-8-3 10:14:34编辑过]

找到一个更详细的。威廉姆森目前仍在伯克莱加州大学当“博导”，老当益壮啊。

Oliver Williamson Edgar F. Kaiser Professor of Business Haas Business and Public Policy Group Professor of Economics Professor of Law 1-510-642-8697 Email: click on the envelope icon below for full email address Academic Status: On duty Office Hours: Th 3:00 - 4:00 at 595 Evans & by appt., F591 Personal Homepage: http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/bpp/oew/ Academic Group Homepage: http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/bpp/home.htm http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/groups/eap/ Curriculum Vitae (in PDF format, Acrobat Reader required)

Education SB, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MBA, Stanford University Ph.D., economics, Carnegie Mellon University

Positions Held At Haas since 1988 1988 - present Edgar A. Kaiser Professor of Business Administration, Haas School of Business; Professor of Economics, School of Arts and Sciences; Professor of Law, Boalt Hall, University of California, Berkeley 1983 - 88 Gordon B. Tweedy Professor of Economics of Law and Organization, Yale University 1977 - 83 Charles and William L. Day Professor of Economics and Social Science, University of Pennsylvania: 1976 - 83 Director, Center for the Study of Organizational Innovation, University of Pennsylvania 1976 - 77 Chairperson, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania 1971 - 72 Chairperson, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania 1968 - 83 Professor, University of Pennsylvania 1965 - 68 Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania 1963 - 65 Assistant Professor of Economics, UC Berkeley

External Service and Assignments Member: National Academy of Sciences Co-editor, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization President, International Society of New Institutional Economics, Western Economic Association Former president and member, American Law and Economics Association Fellow, American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Econometrics Society Former editor, Bell Journal of Economics Former Special Economic Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust, US Department of Justice

Current Research and Interests Economic theories of firms, markets, hybrids, and public agencies Applications to public policy and to business strategy

Selected Papers and Publications The Economics of Discretionary Behavior: Managerial Objectives in a Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Press, 1964. (Reprinted by Markham Publishing Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1967; reprinted by Eurospan Ltd., 1974; translated into Japanese and reprinted by Chikura, 1981; Chapter 4 is reprinted in Readings of Industrial Economics: Theoretical Foundations (C.K. Rowley, ed.) London, 1971.) Corporate Control and Business Behavior: An Inquiry into the Effects of Organization Form on Enterprise Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970. (Translated into Japanese and reprinted by Maruzen Co., Ltd., 1974.) Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: The Free Press, 1975. (Translated into Japanese and reprinted by Nippon Hyoronsha Publishing Company, 1980. Chapter 2 has been translated into Italian and reprinted in Organizzazione and Mercato (Raoul C.D. Nacamulli and Andrea Rugiadini, ed.), Bologna, 1985, pp. 161-186. Translated into Spanish (by Evangelina Nino de la Silva) and reprinted by Cultura Economica) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: The Free Press, 1985. (Translated into Spanish by Eduardo L. Suarez and reprinted by Cultura Economica, 1989; translated into Italian by Margherita Turvani, 1987; translated into German and reprinted by J.C.B. Mohr, 1990; translated into Russian by Valery Katkalo et al. And published by Lenizdat, 1995; translated into French by Regis Coeurderoy and Emmanuelle Mainant and published by InterEditions, 1994; translated into Polish and published by Polish Scientific Publishers, 1998.) The Mechanisms of Governance. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1996; translated into Italian by Margherita Turvani, and reprinted by Franco Angeli

Teaching IDS 170, Economics of Organization, Spring 2002 IDS 270, Institutional Workshop, Spring 2002 Econ 224, Economics of Institutions, Spring 2003

Honors and Awards Honorary Editor, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2002 Eminent Scholar of the Fellows of the Academy of International Business, 2002 John von Neumann Prize, 1999 Doctoris Honoris Causa, Groupe HEC (Paris), 1997 Doctoris Honoris Causa in Business Administration, St. Petersburg University, Russia, 1997 Doctoris Honoris Causa in Economics, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, 1995 Elected to U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1994 Doctoris Honoris Causa in Economic Science, Groningen University, 1989 Doctoris Honoris Causa in Economic Science, Hochschule St. Gallen, 1987 Oeconomiae Doctorem Honoris Causa, Ph.D., Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Jubilee Celebration, 1986 Irwin Award for Scholarly Contributions to Management, Academy of Management, 1988 1983 Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in Law and Economics, Miami University Fulbright Distinguished Chair, Siena, Spring 1999 Distinguished Senior US Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, 1987 Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1977-78 Guggenheim Fellow, 1977-78

来源http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/faculty/williamson.html

找到诺斯这厮了，躲在华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校，可惜简历太简了！

Douglass C. North, Spencer T. Olin Professor in Arts and Sciences He is also professor of history and a fellow of the Center in Political Economy. He was on the faculty of the University of Washington and held visiting chairs at Cambridge and Rice Universities. In 1993 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has served as president of the Economic History Association and the Western Economic Association. His major interest is the evolution of economic and political institutions. The effects of institutions on the development of economies through time is a major emphasis in his work in both economic history and development. Among his books are The Rise of the Western World (with R. P. Thomas, 2nd edition), 1973, Growth and Welfare in the American Past, 1973, Structure and Change in Economic History, 1981, and Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, 1990.

http://economics.wustl.edu/faculty/facultybios.html#north

德姆塞茨，UCLA教授，阿尔钦的亲密战友，但是比后者要谦虚，他已经承认其1972年的杰作可能有很大问题了。

HAROLD DEMSETZ

Arthur Andersen UCLA Alumni Emeritus Professor of Business Economics

Biographical Sketch as of April 1997

Born in Chicago, Illinois in 1930, Professor Demsetz received a BA degree from the University of Illinois in 1953, MBA (1954) and Ph.D. (1959) degrees from Northwestern University. His teaching career began at the University of Michigan in 1958 and continued at the University of California at Los Angeles until 1963. In 1963 he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago, where he remained until 1971, returning in that year to the University of California. He chaired UCLA' s Department of Economics from 1978 through 1980. From 1984 to 1995, he held the Arthur Andersen UCLA Alumni Chair in Business Economics and Directed UCLA's Business Economics program.

He is an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Director of the Mont Pelerin Society, and a past (1996) President of the Western Economics Association International. Northwestern University, in 1994, awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters, and, in 1996, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Social Science from Francisco Marroquin University. His name appears in Who=s Who in America and similar directories.

Listed in Mark Blaugh's Great Economists Since Keynes, Professor Demsetz's research is focused on property rights, the business firm, and problems in monopoly, competition, and antitrust. The recipient of the Western Economics Association Distinguished Teaching Award in 1981, he is the author of numerous articles, three books, and three published monographs containing honorary lectures. The monographs contain his F. De Vries Honorary Lectures in Economic Theory given at Erasmus University in the Netherlands in 1981, his Uppsala Lectures in Business given at Uppsala University in Sweden in 1991, and his Crafoord Lecture on U.S. Antitrust Policy given at Lund University in Sweden in 1992. His most recent article, his Presidential Address to the Western Economics Association, titled AThe Primacy of Economics: An Explanation of the Comparative Success of Economics in the Social Sciences,@ appeared in Economic Inquiry (January, 1997). His most recent book, The Economics of the Firm: Seven Critical Commentaries, was published by Cambridge University Press in 1995 and has been translated into Spanish and Chinese.

http://www.econ.ucla.edu/demsetz/

乔斯科，MIT教授，我认为是契约与组织理论最杰出的实证大师。

Short Biography

Paul L. Joskow is Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics and Management at MIT and Director of the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research. He received a BA from Cornell University in 1968 and a PhD in Economics from Yale University in 1972. Professor Joskow has been on the MIT faculty since 1972 and served as Head of the MIT Department of Economics from 1994 to 1998. At MIT he is engaged in teaching and research in the areas of industrial organization, energy and environmental economics, competition policy, and government regulation of industry. Professor Joskow has published five books and over 100 articles and papers in these areas. His papers have appeared in the American Economic Review, Bell Journal of Economics, Rand Journal of Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Law and Economics, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, International Economic Review, Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Econometrics, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Yale Law Journal, New England Journal of Medicine, Foreign Affairs, Energy Journal, Electricity Journal, Oxford Review of Economic Policy and other journals and books. Professor Joskow is a Director of National Grid Transco (formerly the National Grid Group) and the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and a Trustee of the Putnam Mutual Funds. He previously served as a Director of New England Electric System and State Farm Indemnity Company. Professor Joskow has served on the U.S. EPA's Acid Rain Advisory Committee and on the Environmental Economics Committee of the EPA's Science Advisory Board. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institut d'Economie Industrielle (Toulouse, France), the Scientific Advisory Board of the Conservation Law Foundation, and the National Commission on Energy Policy. Professor Joskow is President of the International Society for New Institutional Economics and a Fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

http://econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/?prof_id=pjoskow

施莱佛，哈佛教授，得过克拉克奖，在金融学（行为金融和公司治理）、法经济学、转型经济学等各方面都有突出贡献。Professor Andrei ShleiferWhipple V. N. Jones Professor of Economics

看看他的学术记录吧，光是2003年就发表论文9篇，能吓死人！！

Professor Andrei Shleifer'sPapers

Updated June 14, 2004

For your convenience, many of the papers cited below may be printed as PDF files. The papers that are available as PDF files are either the NBER or HIER version, not the final published version that appears in the respective journal.

These PDF files can be viewed or printed with the aid of Adobe Acrobat Reader. If you do not have a copy of this free viewer, please follow the link to Adobe's Homepage to download your complimentary copy.

www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html

If you would like hard copies of unpublished papers or reprints of published papers, please contact Lori Morrison.

ARTICLES:

"A Theory of Yardstick Competition." Rand Journal of Economics, Autumn, 1985.

"The Strategic Bequest Motive" (with D. Bernheim and L. Summers). Journal of Political Economy, December, 1985.

"Large Shareholders and Corporate Control" (with R. Vishny). Journal of Political Economy, June, 1986. Reprinted in Michael J. Brennan, ed., The Theory of Corporate Finance. Brookfield,Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1996.

"Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?" Journal of Finance, July, 1986.

"Greenmail, White Knights, and Shareholders' Interest" (with R. Vishny). Rand Journal of Economics, Autumn, 1986.

"Implementation Cycles" Journal of Political Economy, December, 1986. Reprinted in N. Gregory Mankiw and David Romer, eds., New Keynesian Economics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991.

"Management Buyouts as a Response to Market Pressure" (with R. Vishny). In Alan J. Auerbach, editor, Mergers and Acquisitions. Chicag University of Chicago Press, 1987.

"Value Maximization and the Acquisition Process" (with R. Vishny). Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter, 1988. Reprinted in Russian in Ekonomika i Matematicheskiye Metody, Vol.27, No. 4, 1991.

"Breach of Trust in Hostile Takeovers" (with L. Summers). In Alan J. Auerbach, editor, Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences. Chicag University of Chicago Press, 1988. Reprinted in R. Romano, ed., Foundations of Corporate Law, Oxford University Press, 1993.

"Characteristics of Targets of Hostile and Friendly Takeovers" (with R. Morck and R. Vishny). In Alan J. Auerbach, editor, Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences. Chicag University of Chicago Press, 1988.

"Management Ownership and Market Valuation: An Empirical Analysis" (with R. Morck and R. Vishny). Journal of Financial Economics, March, 1988.

"The Efficiency of Investment in the Presence of Aggregate Demand Spillovers" (with R.Vishny). Journal of Political Economy, December, 1988.

"Income Distribution, Market Size and Industrialization" (with K. Murphy and R. Vishny). Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1989.

"Costs of Financial Distress, Delayed Calls of Convertible Bonds, and the Role of Investment Banks" (with D. Jaffee). Journal of Business: Merton Miller Conference, January, 1990.

"Industrialization and the Big Push" (with K. Murphy and R. Vishny). Journal of Political Economy, October, 1989.

"Alternative Mechanisms for Corporate Control" (with R. Morck and R. Vishny). American Economic Review, September, 1989.

"The Size and Incidence of the Losses from Noise Trading" (with B. De Long, L. Summers, and R. Waldmann). Journal of Finance, July, 1989.

"Building Blocks of Market Clearing Business Cycle Models" (with K. Murphy and R. Vishny). NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 1989.

"Positive Feedback Investment Strategies and Destabilizing Rational Speculation" (with B. De Long, L. Summers, and R. Waldmann). Journal of Finance, June, 1990.

"The Noise Trader Approach to Finance" (with L. Summers). Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring, 1990.

"Managerial Entrenchment: The Case of Manager-Specific Investments" (with R. Vishny). Journal of Financial Economics, November, 1989.

"Do Managerial Objectives Drive Bad Acquisitions?" (with R. Morck and R. Vishny). Journal of Finance, March, 1990. Reprinted in Empirical Corporate Finance, The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics, Richard Roll (series editor) and Michael J. Brennan (editor), forthcoming, 2001.

"Noise Trader Risk in Financial Markets" (with B. De Long, L. Summers and R. Waldmann). Journal of Political Economy, August, 1990. Reprinted in Richard H. Thaler, ed., Advances in Behavioral Finance, Russell Sage Foundation, 1993.

"Hostile Takeovers in the 1980s: The Return to Corporate Specialization" (with S. Bhagat and R. Vishny). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 1990. Reprinted in R. Romano, ed., Foundations of Corporate Law, Oxford University Press, 1993.

"Equilibrium Short Horizons of Investors and Firms" (with R. W. Vishny). American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 1990. Reprinted in Richard H. Thaler, ed., Advances in Behavioral Finance, Russell Sage Foundation, 1993.

"The Allocation of Talent: Implications for Growth" (with K. M. Murphy and R. W. Vishny). Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1991.

"The Takeover Wave of the 1980s" (with R. Vishny). Science, August 17, 1990. Reprinted in Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Fall, 1991. Reprinted in D. Chew, ed., Studies in International Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance Systems, Oxford University Press, 1997.

"Closed End Mutual Funds" (with C. Lee and R. Thaler). Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall, 1990.

"The Survival of Noise Traders in Financial Markets" (with B. De Long, L. Summers, and R. Waldmann). Journal of Business, January, 1991.

"The Stock Market and Investment: Is the Market a Sideshow?" (with R. Morck and R. Vishny). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1990:2.

"Investor Sentiment and the Closed-End Fund Puzzle" (with C. Lee and R. Thaler). Journal of Finance, March, 1991. Reprinted in R. Thaler, ed., Quasi-Rational Economics, Russell Sage Foundation, 1991 and in Richard H. Thaler, ed., Advances in Behavioral Finance, Russell Sage Foundation, 1993.

"Reversions of Excess Pension Assets after Takeovers" (with J. Pontiff and M. Weisbach). Rand Journal of Economics, Winter, 1990.

"The Bubble of 1929: Evidence from Closed-End Funds" (with B. De Long). Journal of Economic History, September, 1991. Reprinted in Eugene N. White, ed., Stock Market Crashes and Speculative Manias, The International Library of Macroeconomic and Financial History, Vol. 13, An Elgar Reference Collection, 1996.

"Window Dressing by Pension Fund Managers" (with J. Lakonishok, R. Thaler, and R. Vishny). American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 1991.

"Externalidades como motor do crescimento" R. Bras. Econ. 44(3):297-310, jul./set. 1990.

"The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform" (with K. Murphy and R. Vishny). Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1992.

"Takeovers in the '60s and the '80s: Evidence and Implications" (with R. Vishny). Strategic Management Journal, December, 1991. Reprinted in Richard Rumelt, Dan Schendel, and David Teece (editors), Fundamental Research Issues in Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.

"Reversing the Soviet Economic Collapse" (with R. Vishny). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991:2.

"Liquidation Values and Debt Capacity: A Market Equilibrium Approach" (with R. Vishny). Journal of Finance, September, 1992. Reprinted in Michael J. Brennan, ed., The Theory of Corporate Finance. Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1996.

"The Structure and Performance of the Money Management Industry" (with J. Lakonishok and R.W. Vishny). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 1992.

"The Impact of Institutional Trading on Stock Prices" (with J. Lakonishok and R. W. Vishny). Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 32, No. 1, 1992.

"Closed-End Fund Discounts: A Yardstick of Small Investor Sentiment" (with J. B. De Long). Journal of Portfolio Management, Winter, 1992.

"Pervasive Shortages under Socialism" (with R. Vishny). The Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, No. 2, Summer 1992, pp. 237-246.

"Growth in Cities" (with E. Glaeser, H. Kallal, and J. Scheinkman). Journal of Political Economy, December, 1992.

"Corruption" (with R. W. Vishny). Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, 1993. Reprinted in Gianluca Fiorentini and Stefano Zamagni, eds., The Economics of Corruption and Illegal Markets. Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 2000. Reprinted in Robert Williams, ed., The Politics of Corruption. Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 2000.

"Yes, Discounts on Closed-End Funds Are a Sentiment Index" (with N. Chopra, C. Lee, and R.Thaler). Journal of Finance, June, 1993.

"Why Is Rent-Seeking so Costly to Growth?" (with K. Murphy and R. Vishny). American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 1993.

"Needed Mechanisms for Corporate Governance and Finance in Eastern Europe" (with E. S. Phelps, R. Frydman, and A. Rapaczynski). Economics of Transition 1(2), 1993.

"Princes or Merchants? City Growth before the Industrial Revolution" (with J. B. De Long). Journal of Law and Economics, October 1993.

"Privatizing Russia" (with M. Boycko and R. Vishny). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 2, 1993.

"Privatization in Russia: First Steps" (with R. Vishny). In O. J. Blanchard, K. R. Froot, and J. D. Sachs, editors, The Transition in Eastern Europe, Volume 2: Restructuring. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

"Voucher Privatization" (with M. Boycko and R. Vishny). Journal of Financial Economics, April 1994.

"What Do Firms Do with Cash Windfalls?" (with O. J. Blanchard and F. Lopez-de-Silanes). Journal of Financial Economics 36, 1994. Reprinted in Empirical Corporate Finance, The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics, Richard Roll (series editor) and Michael J. Brennan (editor), forthcoming, 2001.

"Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk" (with J. Lakonishok and R. Vishny). Journal of Finance XLIX (5), December 1994. Reprinted in Behavioral Finance, The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics, Richard Roll (series editor) and Harold M. Shefrin (editor), forthcoming, 2001.

"Politics of Market Socialism" (with R. Vishny). Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 1994.

"Politicians and Firms" (with R. Vishny). Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1994.

"Next Steps in Privatization: Six Major Challenges" (with M. Boycko). Russia: Creating Private Enterprises and Efficient Markets, eds. Ira W. Lieberman and John Nellis. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1994.

"Establishing Property Rights" World Bank: Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Development Economics, April 1994.

"Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Cities" (with E. Glaeser and J. Scheinkman). Journal of Monetary Economics, August 1995.

"A Theory of Privatization" (with M. Boycko and R. Vishny). Economic Journal, March 1996. Reprinted in Privatisation and Corporate Performance, The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics, Mark Blaug (series editor) and David Parker (editor), 2000.

"How Does Privatization Work: Evidence from the Russian Shops" (with N. Barberis, M. Boycko, and N. Tsukanova). Journal of Political Economy, August 1996.

"Corporate Governance in Russia: An Initial Look" (with J. Blasi). In R. Frydman, C. W. Gray and A. Rapaczynski, ed., Corporate Governance in Central Europe and Russia: Volume 2. Insiders and the State, Budapest: Central European University Press, 1996.

"Management Ownership and Russian Privatization" (with D. Vasiliev). In R. Frydman, C. W. Gray and A. Rapaczynski, ed., Corporate Governance in Central Europe and Russia: Volume 2. Insiders and the State, Budapest: Central European University Press, 1996.

"Toward A Theory of Legal Reform" (with J. Hay and R. Vishny). European Economic Review, May, 1996.

"Second Best Economic Advice to a Divided Government" (with M. Boycko and R. Vishny). European Economic Review, May, 1996.

"Quality and Trade" (with K. Murphy), Journal of Development Economics, June, 1997.

"The Limits of Arbitrage" (with R. Vishny). Journal of Finance, March, 1997. Reprinted in Behavioral Finance, The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics, Richard Roll (series editor) and Harold M. Shefrin (editor), forthcoming, 2000.

"Good News for Value Stocks: Further Evidence on Market Efficiency" (with R. La Porta, J. Lakonishok, and R. Vishny). Journal of Finance, June, 1997.

"A Survey of Corporate Governance" (with R. Vishny). Nobel Symposium on Law and Finance, August, 1995, Journal of Finance, June, 1997. Reprinted in Kevin Keasey, Steven Thompson and Michael Wright, eds., Corporate Governance. Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1999.

"The Invisible Hand and the Grabbing Hand" (with T. Frye). American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 1997.

"Schumpeter Lecture: Government in Transition" European Economic Review, May, 1997.

"Origins of Bad Policies: Control, Corruption and Confusion," Rivista di Politica Economica, June, 1996.

"Trust in Large Organizations" (with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny). American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 1997. Reprinted in P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin, eds. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999.

"Privatization in the United States" (with F. Lopez-de-Silanes and R. Vishny). Rand Journal of Economics, Autumn, 1997.

"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons" (with O. Hart and R. Vishny). Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1997.

"Legal Determinants of External Finance" (with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny). Journal of Finance, July, 1997. Reprinted in Empirical Corporate Finance, The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics, Richard Roll (series editor) and Michael J. Brennan (editor), forthcoming, 2000.

"The Unofficial Economy in Transition" (with S. Johnson and D. Kaufmann). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 2, 1997.

"Agenda for Russian Reforms" Economics of Transition, April, 1997.

"Private Enforcement of Public Laws: a Theory of Legal Reform" (with J. Hay), American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 1998.

"A Model of Investor Sentiment" (with N. Barberis and R. Vishny). Journal of Financial Economics, Fall 1998.

"State versus Private Ownership" Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1998.

"Law and Finance"(with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny). Journal of Political Economy, December 1998.

"The Quality of Government" (with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny), Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 1999.

"Corporate Ownership Around the World" (with R. La Porta and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), Journal of Finance, April, 1999.

"Agency Problems and Dividend Policies Around the World" (with R. La Porta, F.Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny), Journal of Finance, February, 2000.

"Tunneling" (with S. Johnson, R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 2000.

"Investor Protection and Corporate Governance" (with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny), Journal of Financial Economics, October, 2000.

"Coase v. the Coasians" (with E. Glaeser and S. Johnson), Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 2001.

"Not-for-Profit Entrepreneurs" with E. Glaeser), Journal of Public Economics, July, 2001.

"Federalism With and Without Political Centralization: China vs. Russia" (with O. Blanchard), IMF Staff Working Papers, Special Issue, 2001.

"A Reason for Quantity Regulation" (with E. Glaeser), American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 2001.

"Government Ownership of Banks" (with R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), Journal of Finance, February, 2002.

"The Regulation of Entry" (with S. Djankov, R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 2002.

"Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation"(with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and R. Vishny), Journal of Finance, June, 2002.

"Technology, Information Production, and Market Efficiency" (with G. D'Avolio and E. Gildor), in Economic Policy For The Information Economy, A Symposium Sponsored By The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, August, 2002.

"Investor Protection and Equity Markets" (with D. Wolfenson), Journal of Financial Economics, October, 2002.

"Legal Origins" (with E. Glaeser), Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 2002.

""The Injustice of Inequality" (with E. Glaeser and J. Scheinkman), Journal of Monetary Economics: Carnegie-Rochester Series on Public Policy, January, 2003.

"Courts" (with S. Djankov, R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 2003.

"Will the Sovereign Debt Market Survive?" American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 2003.

"Style Investing" (with N. Barberis), Journal of Financial Economics, May, 2003.

"The Rise of the Regulatory State" (with E. Glaeser), Journal of Economic Literature, June, 2003.

"Who Owns the Media?" (with S. Djankov, C. McLiesh, and T. Nenova), Journal of Law and Economics, October, 2003.

"Family Firms" (with M. Burkart and F. Panunzi), Journal of Finance, October, 2003.

"The New Comparative Economics" (with S. Djankov, E. Glaeser, R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), Journal of Comparative Economics, December, 2003.

"Stock Market Driven Acquisitions" (with R. Vishny), Journal of Financial Economics, December, 2003.

"Comovement" (with N. Barberis and J. Wurgler), Journal of Financial Economics, 2004.

"Judicial Checks and Balances" (with R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and C. Pop-Eleches), Journal of Political Economy, 2004.

"Persuasion in Politics" (with K. Murphy), American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 2004.

"Does Competition Destroy Ethical Behavior?" American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, May, 2004.

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS:

"Do Institutions Cause Growth?" (with E. Glaeser, R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), revised, June, 2004.

"Conscription as Regulation" (with C. Mulligan), June, 2004.

"Population and Regulation" (with C. Mulligan), revised, December, 2003.

"A Normal Country" (with D. Treisman), October, 2003.

"The Regulation of Labor" (with J. Botero, S. Djankov, R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), revised, May, 2004.

"What Works in Securities Laws?" (with R. La Porta, and F. Lopez-de-Silanes), revised, June, 2004. Complete documentation of the compiled, edited answers to the questionnaire are available here: Harvard University Securities Law Project, and the data here: Securities Data.

"The Market for News" (with S. Mullainathan), revised and renamed, December, 2003.

"The Curley Effect" (with E. Glaeser), revised, June, 2003.

"What Do Money Managers Do?" (with J. Lakonishok and R. Vishny), February, 1997.

"The Waste of Time and Talent under Socialism" (with R. Vishny), June, 1992.

"Increasing Returns, Durables, and Economic Fluctuations" (with K. Murphy and R. Vishny),October, 1988.

来源http://post.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/shleifer/shleifer.html

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-29 18:05:07编辑过]

哈特，哈佛教授，不完全契约理论和企业的产权理论（GHM模型）的奠基人，前哈佛经济系主任。

Professor Oliver Hart'sPapers On The Web

Agreeing Now to Agree Later: Contracts that Rule Out but do not Rule In with John Moore, May 2004.

Incomplete Contracts and Public Ownership: Remarks, and an Application to Public-Private Partnerships, July 2002.

Takeover Bids vs. Proxy Fights in Contests for Corporate Control with Lucian Bebchuck, October 2001.

Different Approaches to Bankruptcy, in Governance, Equity and Global Markets, Proceedings of the Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics in Europe, June 21-23, 1999 (Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 2000).

On the Design of Hierarchies: Coordination Versus Specialization with John Moore, October 1999. (Note: There is a more current version dated March 2000. A hard copy may be requested of Yvonne Zinfon.)

Cooperatives vs. Outside Ownership with John Moore, February 1998.

来源http://post.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/hart/hart.html

莱维特，芝加哥大学经济系教授，法经济学新秀，克拉克奖获得者。他的照片帅得能震塌了学九！（不知道贴上没有）

Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 Telephone: (773) 834-1862 Fax:(708) 366-2388 e-mail:slevitt@midway.uchicago.edu

POSITIONS HELD:

University of Chicago Department of Economics

Alvin H. Baum Professor, July 2002 - present

Professor, June 1999 - June 2002

Associate Professor, August 1998 - May 1999

Assistant Professor, July 1997 - July 1998

American Bar Foundation

Research fellow, July 1997 - present

Harvard Society of Fellows

Junior Fellow, July 1994 - June 1997

Corporate Decisions, Inc.

Management Consultant, August 1989 - July 1991

EDUCATION:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ph.D., Economics, 1994

National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship (1992 - 1994)

Harvard University

B.A., Summa Cum Laude, Economics, 1989

Phi Beta Kappa (1989)

Young prize for best undergraduate thesis in economics

EDITORIAL POSITIONS:

Editor, Journal of Political Economy (August 1999 - present)

Associate Editor, Quarterly Journal of Economics (1998 -1999)

HONORS, AWARDS, and ACTIVITIES:

Fellow, Center for Advanced Study of Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA. (In residence, September 2002-May 2003)

Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (April 2002)

Panel Member, National Academy of Sciences Panel Evaluating Guns (2001-2002)

AEA Program Committee, 2001

National Science Foundation Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (February 2000)

Faculty Appreciation Award from the graduate students in the University of Chicago Department of Economics (April 2000)

AEA Program Committee, 2000

Duncan Black Prize (given annually to the paper published in Public Choice judged to be most outstanding), for a paper written jointly with James Poterba (April 2000)

Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow (May 1999)

National Science Foundation CAREER Award (April 1999)

National Fellow, Harvard University Program in Inequality and Social Policy (September 1998-present)

Quantrell Award (recognizing outstanding undergraduate teaching at the University of Chicago, May 1998)

Review of Economic Studies European Tour, Presenter (May 1997)

John M. Olin Research Fellow in Law and Economics, Harvard Law School (July 1995-June 1997)

Faculty Research Fellow, National Bureau of Economic Research (October 1994-Present)

PUBLICATIONS IN REFEREED JOURNALS

"An Examination of the Influence of Theory and Individual Theorists on Empirical Research in Microeconomics," Forthcoming, AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2003. (with Pierre-Andre Chiappori).

"Catching Cheating Teachers: The Results of an Unusual Experiment in Implementing Theory," Forthcoming, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2003. (with Brian Jacob).

"Prison Death Rates, Capital Punishment, and Deterrence." Forthcoming, American Law and Economics Review. (with Lawrence Katz and Ellen Shustorovich).

"Winning isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling." Forthcoming, American Economic Review. (with Mark Duggan).

"A Test of Mixed Strategy Equilibria: Penalty Kicks in Soccer." American Economic Review, v92 (September 2002): 1138-1151. (with Pierre-Andre Chiappori and Timothy Groseclose).

"Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime: Reply." American Economic Review, v92 (September 2002): 1244-1250.

"Prison Death Rates, Capital Punishment, and Deterrence." Accepted, American Law and Economics Review. (with Lawrence Katz and Ellen Shustorovich).

"Testing the Economic Model of Crime: The National Hockey League's Two-Referee Experiment." Contributions to Economic Policy and Analysis, volume 1, n1, article 2, 2002.

"How Dangerous are Drinking Drivers?" Journal of Political Economy, v109, n6 (December 2001): 1198-1237. (with Jack Porter)

"Alternative Strategies for Identifying the Link between Unemployment and Crime," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, v17 (December 2001): 377-390.

"The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime." Quarterly Journal of Economics, v116, n2 (May 2001): 379-420. (with John Donohue)

"Sample Selection and the Measurement of Seat Belt and Air Bag Effectiveness." Review of Economics and Statistics, v83, n4 (November 2001): 603-15. (with Jack Porter).

"Growing Up in the Projects: The Economic Lives of a Cohort of Men Who Came of Age in Chicago Public Housing." American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings, v91, n2 (May 2001): 79-84.

"The Impact of Race on Policing, Arrest Patterns, and Crime." Journal of Law and Economics, v44, n2 (Part 1 Oct. 2001): 367-94. (with John Donohue)

"An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances." Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (August 2000): 755-789. (with Sudhir Venkatesh).

"The Political Economy of an American Street Gang." Theory and Society, 29 (Volume 3, 2000): 427-462. (with Sudhir Venkatesh)

"Using Sentence Enhancements to Distinguish between Deterrence and Incapacitation." Journal of Law and Economics 42 (April 1999): 343-63. (with Daniel Kessler).

"The Exaggerated Role of Changing Age Structure in Explaining Aggregate Crime Changes." Criminology 37 (August 1999): 581-599.

"Comparing Interest Group Scores across Time and Chambers: Adjusted ADA Scores for the U.S. Congress,"American Political Science Review 93 (March 1999): 33-50. (with Tim Groseclose and James Snyder)

"Congressional Delegation Seniority and State Economic Performance." Public Choice 99 (April 1999): 185-216. (with James M. Poterba)

"Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities." Review of Economics and Statistics 81 (May 1999): 159-169. (with Julie Berry Cullen)

"Juvenile Crime and Punishment." 1998. Journal of Political Economy 106 (December): 1156-1185

"Guns, Violence, and the Efficiency of Illegal Markets." 1998. AEA Papers and Proceedings 88 (May): 463-467. (with John Donohue)

"Measuring the Positive Externalities from Unobservable Victim Precaution: An Empirical Analysis of Lojack." 1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(1): 43-77. (with Ian Ayres)

"Why Do Increased Arrest Rates Appear to Reduce Crime: Deterrence, Incapacitation, or Measurement Error?" 1998. Economic Inquiry 36(3):353-372.

"The Response of Crime Reporting Behavior to Changes in the Size of the Police Force: Implications for Studies of Police Effectiveness using Reported Crime Data." 1998. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 14 (February): 62-81.

"Who are PACs trying to Influence with Contributions: Politicians or Voters?" 1998. Economics and Politics 10(1): 19-36.

"The Hazards of Moral Hazard: Comment on Guff, Shughart, and Tollison." 1998. Economic Inquiry 36(October):685-687.

"Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime." 1997. American Economic Review, 87(3):270-290.

"The Impact of Federal Spending on House Election Outcomes." 1997. Journal of Political Economy, 105:30-53. (with James M. Snyder).

"Is No News Bad News? Information Transmission and the Role of 'Early Warning' in the Principal-Agent Model." 1997. RAND Journal of Economics 28(4):641-661. (with Christopher Snyder).

"Private Information as an Explanation for the Use of Jail Sentences Instead of Fines." 1997. International Review of Law and Economics, 17(2):179-192.

"Decomposing the Sources of Incumbency Advantage in the U.S. House." 1997. Legislative Studies Quarterly 22:45-60. (with Catherine D. Wolfram)

"The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation." 1996. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111:319-352.

"How Do Senators Vote? Disentangling the Role of Party Affiliation, Voter Preferences, and Senator Ideology." 1996. American Economic Review 86:425-441.

"Political Parties and the Distribution of Federal Outlays." 1995. American Journal of Political Science 39:958-980. (with James M. Snyder).

"Optimal Incentive Schemes when Only the 'Best' Agent's Output Matters to the Principal." 1995. Rand Journal of Economics 26:744-760.

"Congressional Campaign Finance Reform." 1995. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9:183-193.

"Using Repeat Challengers to Estimate the Effect of Campaign Spending on Election Outcomes in the U.S. House." 1994. Journal of Political Economy 102:777-798.

"An Empirical Test of Competing Explanations for the Midterm Gap in the U.S. House." 1994. Economics and Politics 6:25-38.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

"Book Review: Drug War Heresies, by MacCoun and Reuter," Forthcoming, Journal of Economic Literature, 2003."

"Aging in an American Street Gang: Toward a Life-Course Perspective on Gang Involvement." Forthcoming, in collection of articles to be published by American Bar Foundation. (with Sudhir Venkatesh).

"Comment on Ludwig and Raphael's Analysis of 'Project Exile.'" in Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence, edited by Jens Ludwig and Phil Cook, November 2002, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

"O Preco da Violencia." (On Preventing Violence) Exame, March 21, 2001, pp. 90-94. (with Rodrigo Soares, published in Portugese).

"Deterrence." In Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia. San Francisc ICS press. 2001.

"Pools More Dangerous than Guns." Editorial published in Chicago Sun Times, Saturday, July 28, 2001.

"Understanding Colombia's Crime Situation and the Institutional Reforms Required to Alleviate the Problem." For a volume edited by Alberto Alesina, 2000. (with Mauricio Rubio)

"The Determinants of Juvenile Crime." in Risky Behavior by Youths, edited by Jonathan Gruber, University of Chicago Press, 2000. (with Lance Lochner)

"The Economics of Inmate Labor Participation." 1999.

"Does Abortion Prevent Crime?" Slate Magazine, August 23, 1999.

WORKING PAPERS AND UNPUBLISHED PAPERS

"Testing Theories of Discrimination: Evidence from Weakest Link." NBER Working paper No. 9449. January 2003.

"How do Markets Function: An Empirical Analysis of Gambling on the National Football League." NBER Working paper No. 9422. January 2003.

"Further Evidence that Legalized Abortion Lowered Crime: A Reply to Joyce." January 2003. (with John Donohue)."

"Does School Choice Attract Students to Urban Schools: Evidence from over 1,000 Randomized Lotteries." July 2002. (with Julie Cullen and Brian Jacob).

"The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Teen Childbearing." July 2002. (with John Donohue and Jeff Grogger)

"Market Distortions when Agents are Better Informed: A Theoretical and Empirical Exploration of the Value of Information in Real Estate Transactions." July 2002. (with Chad Syverson).

"Understanding the Black-White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School." NBER Working Paper No. 8975. June 2002. (with Roland Fryer)

"Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating." February 2002. (with Brian Jacob) (Revise and Resubmit to Quarterly Journal of Economics

"An Empirical Analysis of Imprisoning Drug Offenders." NBER Working Paper no. 8489. September 2001. (with Ilyana Kuziemko). Revise and resubmit to Journal of Public Economics.

"The Impact of School Choice on Student Outcomes: An Analysis of the Chicago Public Schools." 2000. NBER working paper 7888. (with Julie Cullen and Brian Jacob)

来源http://www.src.uchicago.edu/users/levit/

周其仁http://www.ccer.edu.cn/cn/SmallClass.asp?BigClassName=CN&SecondClassName=教师&SmallClassName=周其仁

马克普朗研究所主持的国际新制度经济学研讨会1983－2003，主要内容。 地位为http://www.mpp-rdg.mpg.de/oekinst.html。

很遗憾，没有可下载的文章，只是内容简介，具体内容在英文的《制度与理论经济学》（JITE）杂志上。

加一个科斯的主页吧。有兴趣者可参阅。

www.coase.org

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-9-11 12:05:29编辑过]

Gordon Tullock 戈登－图洛克，布坎南的同事，公共选择理论的创始人之一，乔治梅森大学法经济学教授。

介绍：

Gordon Tullock is University Professor of Law and Economics and Distinguished Research Fellow in the James M. Buchanan Center for Political Economy at George Mason University. He holds a joint teaching position in the Department of Economics and the School of Law. Professor Tullock received a J.D. from the University of Chicago in 1947. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Chicago in 1992. Following periods of employment as an attorney at law and in the US Department of State, Professor Tullock taught at the University of South Carolina, the University of Virginia, Rice University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, George Mason University and the University of Arizona. In 1966, Professor Tullock became the Founding Editor of the Journal of Non-Market Decision Making (later renamed Public Choice). He remained Senior Editor of Public Choice until May 1990. In 1968 (together with Charles Goetz) he established the Center for Studies in Public Choice (renamed the Center for Study of Public Choice in 1969 when James Buchanan joined Virginia Tech and became Director of the Center). Professor Tullock is author of twenty-three books and several hundred articles in economics, public choice, law and economics, bio-economics and foreign affairs. He is best known for such works as The Calculus of Consent (with James M. Buchanan), The Logic of the Law, The Politics of Bureaucracy, The Social Dilemma, Autocracy, The Economics of Non-Human Societies, Rent Seeking and On Voting. Professor Tullock's 1967 article entitled: 'The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft' is a widely cited classic that has generated a major ongoing research program in the political economy of rent seeking. Professor Tullock has served as president of the Public Choice Society, the European Public Choice Society, the Southern Economic Association and the Western Economic Association. In 1998, Professor Tullock was honored as Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association.

他的个人主页地址为http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/facultybios/tull.htm

Richard R. Nelson 纳尔逊，演化经济学代表人物之一George Blumenthal Professor of International and Public Affairs, Business and Law 1309B IAB 212-854-8720 rrn2@columbia.edu

Richard R. Nelson is the Henry R. Luce Professor of International Political Economy at Columbia University. In the spring of 1997 he was appointed as the first Director of the newly created Public Policy Consortium at Columbia.

His research has concentrated on the processes of long-run economic change, with particular emphasis on technological advances and on the evolution of economic institutions. Some of his publications include The Sources of Economic Growth, (Harvard Univ Pr, 2000), The Sources of Industrial Leadership (Cambridge University Press, 1999), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis (Oxford University Press, 1993), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, (Harvard University Press; Reprint edition, 1985), and many others.

Professor Nelson holds a BA from Oberlin College. He obtained his PhD in 1956 from Yale University. From 1956 to 1957 he was an Assistant Professor at Oberlin College, and from 1968 to 1986 a Professor at Yale University.

He has also served as an Economist at The Rand Corporation (1957-1960, 1963-1968), a Senior Member at the Council of Economic Advisors (1961-1963). Between 1981 and 1986 he was appointed the Director of the Institution for Social and Policy Studies.

主页地址为http://www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/RESEARCH/bios/rrn2.html

Sidney G. Winter 温特，宾州大学沃顿商学院教授，纳尔逊的亲密站友，另一位演化经济学大腕 Deloitte and Touche Professor of Management Co-Director, Reginald H. Jones Center for Management Policy, Strategy, and Organization

PhD, Yale University, 1964; MA, Yale University, 1957; BA, Swarthmore College, 1956

Research Areas Firm capabilities; technological change; competitive advantage

Academic Positions Held Wharton: 1993-present (named Deloitte and Touche Professor of Management, 1993; Co-Director, Reginald H. Jones Center for Management Policy, Strategy, and Organization, 1999-present). Previous appointments: Yale University; University of Michigan; University of California, Berkeley

Other Positions Chief Economist, U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989-93; Research Economist, The RAND Corporation 1966-68, 1959-61; Staff Member, Council of Economic Advisers, 1961-62

Career and Recent Professional Awards; Teaching Awards Fellow of the American Econometric Society, 1978; Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1990

Professional Leadership 2000-2004 Vice President, International J.A. Schumpeter Society; Associate Editor, Industrial & Corporate Change; Advisory Board Member, Organization Science

Representative Publications (with R.R. Nelson) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982. "Organizing for Continuous Improvement: Evolutionary Theory Meets the Quality Revolution." Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations J. Baum and J. Singh, eds., Oxford University Press, 1994. "Patents and Welfare in an Evolutionary Model." Industrial and Corporate Change (1993).

http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/winters.html

Michael C. Jensen Jesse Isidor Straus Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus詹森，哈佛大学教授，著名的金融学家，也是代理理论的创始人Current Position

Managing Director, Organizational Strategy Practice, The Monitor Group, 2000-present.

Jesse Isidor Straus Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 2000- .

Previous Positions

Visiting Scholar, Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, July 2001 to July 2002.

Jesse Isidor Straus Professor of Business Administration, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1997-2000.

Edsel Bryant Ford Professor of Business Administration, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1989-1997.

Professor of Business Administration, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1985-1988.

LaClare Professor of Finance and Business Administration, University of Rochester, William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, March 1984-1988.

Founder and Director, Managerial Economics Research Center, University of Rochester, 1977-1988.

Visiting Professor of Business Administration, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, September 1984-June 30, 1985.

Professor, University of Rochester, Graduate School of Management, 1979-1984.

University of Bern (Switzerland), Visiting Lecturer, Summer, 1976. Theory of the Communications Media.

Associate Professor, University of Rochester, Graduate School of Management, 1971-1979.

Assistant Professor, University of Rochester, Graduate School of Management, 1967-1971.

Northwestern University, Instructor, 1967. Courses in Finance and Research Methodology.

Education

University of Chicago, Ph.D., (Economics, Finance, and Accounting), 1968.

University of Chicago, M.B.A., (Finance), 1964.

Macalester College, A.B., (Economics), 1962.

Teaching Experience

Harvard Business School, 1985-2000. Courses in organization and control.

University of Rochester, Graduate School of Management, 1967-1988. Graduate courses in corporate finance, capital markets, economics, accounting, organization and control, business policy and the economics of computers.

Other Activities (1973 to Present)

Board Memberships

European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI), 2002-present.

Board Member, Chatham Technology, 1997-2001.

Center for the Study of Economics, CSE, 1994-present.

Advisory Board, Center for Research on Contracts and the Structure of Enterprise, University of Pittsburgh, 1991-present.

Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 1990-1996.

Analysis Group, Inc., Belmont, MA, 1989-2001.

American Finance Association, 1983-1985, 1990-1993

Western Economic Association International Executive Committee, 1981-1983, 1991-present.

Advisory Board, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 1988-present.

Eller Center Advisory Board, The University of Arizona, 1984-1990.

Board of Advisors, Pacific Institute, 1983-1990.

Board of Advisors, Manhattan Institute, 1986-1990.

Advisory Committee for the Institute for Study of Regulation, 1985-1990.

TIAA-CREF Policyholders Nominating Committee, 1986-1989.

Advisory Director, LaClare Petroleum, Inc., 1986.

Founder and Chairman, Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1994-present.

American Finance Association:

President, 1992

President-Elect and Program Chair, 1991

Vice President, 1990.

Western Economic Association International:

President, 1993

President Elect, 1992

Vice President, 1991

Founder and Managing Editor, Journal of Financial Economics (North-Holland Publishing Company), 1973-1986, Managing Editor, 1987-1997, and Founding Editor, 1997 to present.

Task Force on Comparative Privatization, Institute for EastWest Studies, 1994

Advisory Editor, Economics Letters (North-Holland Publishing Company), 1978-1990.

Associate Editor, Journal of Accounting and Economics (North-Holland Publishing), 1978-1987

Consulting Editor, Quorum Books, 1979.

Member, C.H. Stuart Foundation Scholarship Program Selection Committee, 1976-1981.

Coordinator, Simon School Economics Faculty, 1975-1980, Finance Faculty, 1969-1974.

Honors and Recognitions

Honorary degree, Doctor of Laws, William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, June 2001.

Honorary degree, Docteur Honoris Causa, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, December 2000.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1996

Robert F. Greenhill Award, Harvard Business School, June, 1996

Honorary degree, Docteur Honoris Causa, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, July 1, 1991.

Distinguished Scholar of the Year, Eastern Finance Association, April, 1990.

Named one of "The Year's 25 Most Fascinating Business People," Fortune magazine, Jan. 1, 1990.

1989 McKinsey Award: "Eclipse of the Public Corporation" named one of the best articles of 1989 in the Harvard Business Review.

The Joseph Coolidge Shaw, S.J. Medal. Awarded by Boston College for "noteworthy personal contribution to learning and culture as these are nurtured and preserved in libraries," November 16, 1984.

"Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure," (with William Meckling) selected as a Citation Classic by the Institute for Scientific Information. Identified as one of the most cited items in its field according to data from the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index, October, 1984.

The Leo Melamed Prize (jointly with William Meckling). Awarded by the Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago for "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure," judged the most outstanding scholarly work published by a business school faculty member in the two-year period January 1, 1976 through December 31, 1977.

Graham and Dodd Plaque (jointly with William Meckling). Awarded for "Can the Corporation Survive?," judged the outstanding article published in the Financial Analysts Journal in 1978 by the Financial Analysts Federation.

Graduate School of Management Superior Teaching Award, Executive Development Program Class of 1974.

Beta Gamma Sigma Honor Society

Pi Gamma Mu Honor Society

Omicron Delta Gamma Honor Society

University of Chicago Honor Scholarship

University of Chicago Fellowship

United States Steel Foundation Fellowship

Harold Stonier Fellowship in Banking

Current Research

"Organizational Strategy"

Testimony

Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, Hearings on Corporate Time Horizons, November 8, 1989.

Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, U. S. House of Representatives, Hearings on Leveraged Buyouts, February 22, 1989.

Committee on Ways and Means, U. S. House of Representatives, Hearings on Tax Policy Aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions, February 1, 1989.

Cravath, Swain and Moore, Delaware Chancery Court, Economic effects of the Pillsbury Antitakeover Rights Issue, December 12, 1988.

Nomad Acquisition, v. Damon, United States District Court, District of Mass. Affidavit in support of preliminary injunction and partial summary judgement, Sept., 1988.

BNS v. Koppers, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Declaration in Support of Motion for Expedited Treatment of Appeal, April, 1988.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Suffolk County Court, Effects on interstate commerce of the Massachusetts Antitakeover Act (Kenner/Parker Tender Offer), August 17, 1987. (Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom).

Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, U. S. House of Representatives. The effects of takeovers on the economy. April 1, 1987.

U. S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division. November, 1986. Economic effects of the Hayes-Albion Poison Pill (Butzel Long Gust Klein & Van Zile).

Senate Labor, Industry and Professions Committee, New Jersey State Legislature, May 12, 1986. Economic effects of the New Jersey Shareholder Protection Act.

U.S. District Court, Western District of New York, 1985. Economic effects of the Coca Cola merger with Taylor Wine (Arnold and Porter).

U.S. District Court, New Jersey, 1985. Economic effects of the Asarco, Inc. Series C. Preferred stock issue (Paul, Weiss, Rifkin, Wharton and Garrison).

Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 1985. "The Market for Corporate Control."

Delaware Chancery Court, 1984. Economic effects of the Household International, Inc. antitakeover rights issue. (Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom).

Securities and Exchange Commission, "Economic Forum on Tender Offers," February 20, 1985. The economics of tender offers and the market for control.

Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, March 12, 1985. Economic Analysis of the Market for Corporate Control.

Shoreham Commission, New York, 1983. Financial effects of the bankruptcy of Long Island Lighting Company.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, July, 1979. Develop and testify on new regulatory method for regulating oil pipelines. (Arco Pipe Line Company and Steptoe and Johnson).

U.S. District Court for Central District of California, April, 1978. Estimate damages to stockholders resulting from fraud and provide expert testimony. (Gottlieb, Locke and Dean).

Ph.D. Thesis Chairman For:

Jeniffer van Heekerin, "Three Essays on the Market for Corporate Control: Theory, Evidence, and History," 1993. (Assistant Professor, College of Business Administration, University of Oregon).

Tufano, Peter, "Private Incentives for Financial Innovation," 1989. (Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University).

Kaplan, Steven, "Sources of Value in Management Buyouts," 1988. (Associate Professor, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago).

Leftwich, Richard. "Private Determination of Accounting Methods in Corporate Bond Indentures," 1980. (Professor, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago).

Mikkelson, Wayne H. "Convertible Debt and Warrant Financing: A Study of the Agency Cost Motivation and the Wealth Effects of Calls on Convertible Securities," 1980. (Professor, College of Business Administration, University of Oregon).

Ruback, Richard. "The Effect of Discretionary Price Control Decisions on Equity Values," 1980. (Professor, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University).

Wier, Peggy. "Evidence from the Stock Market on the Effects of Antimerger Law Enforcement," 1980. (Associate Professor, College of Business Administration, University of Oregon).

Thompson, Rex. "Closed-end Investment Companies: The Implications of Discounts and Premiums for Efficiency in the Capital Markets and the Market for Corporate Control," 1978. (Professor, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania).

Dolan, Robert Joseph. "Priority Pricing Models for Congested Systems," 1976. (Professor, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University).

Rozeff, Michael. "Money and Stock Prices, Market Efficiency and the Lag in Effect of Monetary Policy," 1974. (Louis M. Jacobs Professor of Financial Planning and Control, School of Management, University of Buffalo).

Mayers, David. "Capital Asset Pricing and Non-Marketable Assets: A Collection of Related Essays," 1972. (Shepard Professor of Insurance, Faculty of Finance, Ohio State University).

Ph.D. Thesis Committee Member For:

Baker, George. "Management Compensation and Divisional Leveraged Buyouts," 1986. (Professor, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University).

Willner, Ram. "The Effect of Leverage Changes on Call Option Prices: Theoretical, Empirical and Capital Structure Implications," 1986. (Assistant Professor, Amos Tuck School, Dartmouth College).

French, Kenneth R. "The Pricing of Commodity Futures," 1982. (Professor and Director of the Center for Research in Security Prices, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Chicago).

Rosenfeld, Ahron. "Repurchase Offers: Information Adjusted Premiums and Shareholders' Response," 1982. (Professor of Finance, Graduate School of Business, University of Utah).

Eckbo, Bjorn Espen. "Examining the Anti-competitive Significance of Large Horizontal Mergers," 1981. (Professor, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia).

Malatesta, Paul. "Corporate Mergers," 1981. (Associate Professor, School of Business Administration, University of Washington).

Dodd, Peter. "The Market for Corporate Control and Stockholder Wealth," 1980. (Professor, Australian Graduate School of Management, University of New South Wales).

Holthausen, Robert W. "Theory and Evidence on the Effect of Bond Covenants and Management Compensation Contracts on the Choice of Accounting Techniques: The Case of the Depreciation Switchback," 1980. (Professor, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania).

http://www.people.hbs.edu/mjensen/

Eugene F. Fama法马，芝加哥大学金融学教授，另一位代理论理创始人Robert R. McCormick Distinguished Service Professor of Finance

Education A.B. (French), Tufts University, 1960; Ph.D. (economics-finance), University of Chicago, 1964.

Teaching Materials View unrestricted teaching materials View restricted teaching materials (login required)

Research Activities Theoretical and empirical work on investments; price formation in capital markets; corporate finance. View unrestricted research

Selected Publications With Kenneth R. French, "Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns," Journal of Finance (March 1995). "Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies," Journal of Finance (March 1996). "Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds," Journal of Financial Economics (January 1993). "The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns," Journal of Finance (June 1992). "Efficient Capital Markets: II," Fiftieth Anniversary Invited Paper, Journal of Finance(December 1991).

Other Interests Windsurfing, golf, tennis, biking, old movies, opera.

更有意思的是，他的主页居然有中文入口！不过地址长得吓死人！http://portal.chicagogsb.edu/portal//server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_332_207_0_43/http%3B/portal.chicagogsb.edu/Facultycourse/Portlet/FacultyDetail.aspx?&min_year=20044&max_year=20053&person_id=159486

Theodore W. Schultz (1902 - 1998) 舒尔茨，著名的芝加哥大学农业和制度经济学家，林毅夫的导师。具体情况参见http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/economistas/schultz.htm

支持一下！