• Friedkin, N. E. (2004). Social cohesion. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 30, 409-425.
  Introduction 17
  Social cohesion has been an enduring subject of inquiry and review for both sociologists and psychologists. As sometimes happens with a topic that attracts a great deal of attention, the literature on social cohesion has become increasingly confused as the number of investigators who research it has increased. The main source of confusion is a proliferation of definition of social cohesion that have proved difficult to combine or reconcile. Integrative efforts have organized the literature around different focal constructs so that what is taken as cohesion varies and what are taken as cohesion’s antecedents and consequences also vary.
  这是一篇review的introduction， 因为是review, 所以他使用的是开门见山提出这个领域存在的一个问题就是:定义不清的confusion. 我们来看一下这种套路的写作。…has been enduring subject of inquiry …..for both sociologists and psychologists. (是一个很重要的课题) 。the literature on ….has become increasingly confused as the number of investigators(替代researcher的单词) has increased. The main source of confusion is …..a proliferation of definition ..that have proved difficult to combine and reconcile.(这句主要是表达definitional confusion 通常的症状是概念太多，很难调和)。 Integrative (好词) efforts have organized the literature around different constructs so that …
  Contemporary analyses of social cohesion treat it either as a multidimensional phenomenon or as a latent construct with multiple indicators. However, this contemporary multidimensional/multi-indicator approach to social cohesion does not address the problem of integrating individual and group levels at which social cohesion has been defined.
  然后就要讲以往通常的做法是什么，这个做法应该是有问题的。Contemporary analysis …treat it either as … or as , however, this ….approach to … does not address the problem of …..
  The definitional confusion in the social cohesion literature is symptomatic of the complexity involved in reciprocally linked individual-level and group-level phenomena. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in this linkage is a generic problem that has challenged sociologists and other social scientists in a variety of substantive domains. Standard contextual effects models, including hierarchal linear models, allow tests of hypotheses concerned with effects of group-level condition on individual attitudes and behaviors, but these models do not address the micro-macro interaction in which individuals also affect group level structures or aggregate conditions.
  这个confusion是一个经典的问题，即多个个体与整体的相互关系。Symptomatic of the complexity involved in reciprocity linked with individual-level and group-level phenomena. 后面提到了两个model，一个是standard contextual effects model, hierarchal linear model，相信小伙伴们都比较熟悉吧，用allow tests of hypotheses concerned with effects of group-level condition on individual …, 但是呢，它有不能解决do not address the micro-macro interaction in which individuals also affect group-level….
  The present analysis of social cohesion literature is organized along the lines suggested by this micro-macro interaction. First, I describe the domain of individual membership attitudes and behaviors, on the basis of which some investigators have defined groups as more or less cohesive. Second, I describe the domain of group-level condition, on the basis of which other investigators have defined groups as more or less cohesive. I develop the argument that these group-level conditions of cohesion are either derivative properties of the distribution of individual-level indicators of cohesion or causal antecedents of these indicators. Third, I point to recent work on mechanisms that reciprocally link the group-level conditions of cohesion and the individual-level indicators of cohesion.
  这是通常经济学在intro最后一部分做的事情，把本篇文章所做的事情按照顺序写一遍：the present analysis of ….is organized along the lines suggested by ….First, I describe…..on the basis of which…..second, I describe ….,on the basis of which …I develop the argument that …….Third. I point to recent work on…..
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