今天开始阅读Ioannis和Lampros的<Final Basel III Modelling - Implementation, Impact and Implications>的第二章。
第二章介绍的是巴塞尔协议的演变过程以及最新的巴塞尔协议与现行的巴塞尔协议III之间的不同之处。BCBS (Basel Cmmittee on Banking Supervision)是具体制定巴塞尔协议的组织,目前有28个会员国和国际组织,包括阿根廷,澳大利亚,巴西,加拿大,中国,中国香港,法国,德国,印度,印尼,意大利,日本,墨西哥,韩国,俄罗斯,沙特,南非,土耳其,英国,美国和欧盟等。BCBS的决议对于会员国来说不具备法律效力(no legal force),只是推动会员国去实施,并定期公布实施状况,来增强公众对于银行监管的信心。
Basel I
巴塞尔I是在1988年7月发布,主要特点是对表内表外的资产进行风险加权并且制定8%的minimum capital ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets (RWA)
Basel II
伴随着2001年安然的丑闻,美国2002年推出了Sarbanes-Oxley Act,巴塞尔协议也随之做了更新。Basel II于2004年发布,对于越来越复杂的表内表外的资产,提出了更严格的资本金要求,主要涵盖以下三个pillar -
- Pillar I: the minimum captial requirements which sought to develop and expand the standardised rules set out in the 1988 accord
- Pillar II: the supervisory review of institution's capital adequacy and internal assessment process
- Pillar III: the efficient use of disclosure for strenghening market discipline and encourage sound banking practices
Basel III
由于2007-2008年的金融危机和雷曼的破产,过度的高杠杆以及流动性资产的匮乏浮上台面。Basel III于2010年前后发布,针对Basel II中的三个pillar进行的加强,另外加入了一些新的资本金和流动性的指标 -
- Capital conservation buffer (CCB)
- Countercyclical capital buffer
- Capital surcharge for global systemically important banks (监管机构意识到了一些银行大到而不能倒,所以进行了专门的‘照顾’)
- Liquidity coverage ratio
- Net stable funding ratio
Final Basel III
书中沿用BCBS官方说法Final Basel III. 但在银行业界,一些银行称这次改革为Basel IV,因为这次的监管改革也是比较重大。主要包含了一下几个方面-
- Changes in RWs applied to some asset classes and modifications in the credit coversion factors under the SA to credit risks
- Changes in the internal ratings-based approach, including migration of some asset classes from the advanced internal ratings based approach to SA or foundation internal ratings based approach
- Implementations of input floors in the determinants of credit risk internal model's capital requirements
- Inclusion of LR add-on linked to bank's global systemically important bank surcharge
- Removal of AMA for operational risk
- Replacement of all operational risk methods with SMA
- Inclusion of output floor in calculation of RWAs using internal ratings-based approaches
Final Basel III包含了FRTB, CVA, SA for credit risks, IRBA, operational risk和LR的改变,作者会在接下来的章节去做详细的说明。
明天阅读下一章节 - Impact Assessment Methodology。