可能有些读者认为Watt的例子可能只是一个特例,但作者认为类似的例子很普遍。Frederic Scherer是一个IPR的支持者,在分析了Boulton and Watt的故事后,认为,如果没有IPR,Watt会将他们的主要工作用于技术的改进与运用,而不是利用专利来阻止竞争,而后一种方法显然会阻碍技术进步。
It would be [good] to make the existing discoveries freely available to all producers, but this practice fails to provide the...incentives for further inventions. A tradeoff arises between restrictions on the use of existing ideas and the
rewards to inventive activity(Robert Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin).
如一部电影制作,需要花费不少的费用来购买歌曲版权。而从IPR与研发的历史数据中,作者发现,IPR并不一定能促进研发的提高,而这个结论在Fritz Machlup(1958)就得到支持,即“it would be irresponsible, on the basis of our present knowledge of its conomic consequences, to recommend instituting [a patent system].”