英文标题：
《Proxyeconomics, the inevitable corruption of proxy-based competition》
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作者：
Oliver Braganza
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最新提交年份：
2019
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英文摘要：
  When society maintains a competitive system to promote an abstract goal, competition by necessity relies on imperfect proxy measures. For instance profit is used to measure value to consumers, patient volumes to measure hospital performance, or the Journal Impact Factor to measure scientific value. Here we note that \\textit{any proxy measure in a competitive societal system becomes a target for the competitors, promoting corruption of the measure}, suggesting a general applicability of what is best known as Campbell\'s or Goodhart\'s Law. Indeed, prominent voices have argued that the scientific reproducibility crisis or inaction to the threat of global warming represent instances of such competition induced corruption. Moreover, competing individuals often report that competitive pressures limit their ability to act according to the societal goal, suggesting lock-in. However, despite the profound implications, we lack a coherent theory of such a process. Here we propose such a theory, formalized as an agent based model, integrating insights from complex systems theory, contest theory, behavioral economics and cultural evolution theory. The model reproduces empirically observed patterns at multiple levels. It further suggests that any system is likely to converge towards an equilibrium level of corruption determined by i) the information captured in the proxy and ii) the strength of an intrinsic incentive towards the societal goal. Overall, the theory offers mechanistic insight to subjects as diverse as the scientific reproducibility crisis and the threat of global warming.
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中文摘要：
当社会维持一个促进抽象目标的竞争体系时，必然的竞争依赖于不完善的代理措施。例如，利润用于衡量对消费者的价值，患者数量用于衡量医院绩效，或期刊影响因子用于衡量科学价值。在此，我们注意到{竞争性社会体系中的任何代理措施都会成为竞争对手的目标，促进措施的腐败}，这表明坎贝尔定律或古德哈特定律的普遍适用性。事实上，一些知名人士认为，科学再现性危机或对全球变暖威胁的不作为，就是这种竞争导致的腐败的例子。此外，相互竞争的个体经常报告说，竞争压力限制了他们根据社会目标采取行动的能力，这意味着锁定。然而，尽管有着深远的影响，我们对这一进程缺乏连贯的理论。在这里，我们提出了这样一个理论，形式化为基于agent的模型，融合了复杂系统理论、竞争理论、行为经济学和文化进化理论的观点。该模型在多个层面上再现了经验观察到的模式。这进一步表明，任何制度都有可能收敛到一个均衡的腐败水平，这一水平由i）代理中获取的信息和ii）对社会目标的内在激励的强度决定。总的来说，该理论为科学再现性危机和全球变暖威胁等各种各样的主题提供了机械的见解。
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分类信息：

一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Physics and Society        物理学与社会
分类描述：Structure, dynamics and collective behavior of societies and groups (human or otherwise). Quantitative analysis of social networks and other complex networks. Physics and engineering of infrastructure and systems of broad societal impact (e.g., energy grids, transportation networks).
社会和团体（人类或其他）的结构、动态和集体行为。社会网络和其他复杂网络的定量分析。具有广泛社会影响的基础设施和系统（如能源网、运输网络）的物理和工程。
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一级分类：Computer Science        计算机科学
二级分类：Computer Science and Game Theory        计算机科学与博弈论
分类描述：Covers all theoretical and applied aspects at the intersection of computer science and game theory, including work in mechanism design, learning in games (which may overlap with Learning), foundations of agent modeling in games (which may overlap with Multiagent systems), coordination, specification and formal methods for non-cooperative computational environments. The area also deals with applications of game theory to areas such as electronic commerce.
涵盖计算机科学和博弈论交叉的所有理论和应用方面，包括机制设计的工作，游戏中的学习（可能与学习重叠），游戏中的agent建模的基础（可能与多agent系统重叠），非合作计算环境的协调、规范和形式化方法。该领域还涉及博弈论在电子商务等领域的应用。
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一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：General Finance        一般财务
分类描述：Development of general quantitative methodologies with applications in finance
通用定量方法的发展及其在金融中的应用
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