开始我想的是边际收益递减主要是 对于消费者有一个效用递减的规律,这个也是需求曲线downward sloping的原因
规模效应 主要是对于生产者而言,成本会随着规模的增大而减少,主要是由于固定成本的分摊,但是注意最终还是会有diseconomics of scale
但貌似这两个规律都能表现在supply curve上。
下面这个话摘自这个网页,讲的不错可以去看看:
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pri ... /Economies_of_Scale
Growing firms add capital - often in the form of factories or machines - to increase their output. However, additional capital do not act the same as the original set of capital.At first, added capital may greatly increase productivity. However, additional units of capital become less cost-effective because of diminishing marginal returns, increasing costs, and loss of efficiency. Hence the latter short run supply curves begin to shift upward. In the graph, additional units of capital introduce new supply curves shifted rightward from the previous ones.
From these various short run supply curves we can construct a long run supply curve that shows the minimum costs (assuming flexible and optimal use of labor) as capital changes. The long run supply curve connects the minimums of the short run curves and is considerably more stretched. At the beginning, where the long run supply (cost) is decreasing, the firm (or industry) is experiencing increasing returns to scale because a unit of resources yields more returns. In the center point, the minimum of the long run, the firm (or industry) is experiencing constant returns to scale. After that point, the firm (or industry) is experiencing decreasing returns to scale for similar reasons. Different industries have a different apportionment of these three segments, with some (such as agriculture) having consistently large spans of constant returns to scale.