Lamont, M. (2012). Toward a comparative sociology of valuation and evaluation. Annual Review of Sociology, 38.
Introduction 8
Question of performance and its evaluation have gained greater social and scholarly prominence in recent years in a number of realms and countries.
开篇即提出中心问题question of …..have gained social and psychological prominence in ..in…a number of realms…. 注意gain prominence，realm等词的使用。
With neo-liberalism and the spread of market fundamentalism, governments have turned to the tools of new public management to insure greater efficacy, with the results that quantitative measures of performance and benchmarking are diffusing rapidly and are having important structuring effects on a range of institutions and domains of human activity.
这真是一个长句子，neo-liberalism 新自由主义，还不是特别了解这个词，以及market fundamentalism 指的是啥呢？这个作者是社会心理学会的主席，所以一定参与不少ZF国家层面的方针政策，因而她的立脚点也是比较高，从给ZF的角度来时谈起评估的重要性，governments have turn to…是一个引导ZF行为的表达。Important structuring effect on…这是一种什么effect，大师说话，我真是有时不能理解。 On a range of institutions and domains of human activity, 都是可以拔高研究概念重要性的描写方法。
This manifests itself in the realms of governance and higher education. For instance, in the wake of the publication of an influential World Bank report on “world-class universities” and the creation of academic “excellence initiatives” across European Union countries, European and Asian experts have held a host of conferences concerning best practices in peer review, which is regarded as a touchstone of excellence in research.
大师选了学术界发生的concerning best practice in peer review来manifest evaluation的重要性。我觉得我们可以学习的地方是，这种举例子的方法。 In the realms of 大师特别喜欢用realm。
This change goes hand in hand with greater internationalization and standardization of practice in science and higher education.
此外，change也是一个很好的背景陈述，变化总会带来与以往不同的东西，因而会成为我们研究重要性的一个基础。各种社会经济政治的change， transition等。
The growing literature interest in evaluation also manifests itself in the study of inequality and meritocracy.
Literature manifest itself 是一个新奇的用法，哈哈，笑纳接招吧，in the study of inequality and meritocracy 也可以算是一个领域的研究了吧。
In advanced industrial societies, anxious middle class parents appear to be ever more eager to prepare their children for a world of increased competition and they invest important resources in supplemental education and extracurricular activities that they view as essential to insure reproduction of their class positions (Dierkes & Bray 2011). These investments are increasingly tied to life chances.
我想中国人对这个论点应该深有感触吧，为了保住中产阶级的位置，所以不惜一切力量投入到孩子的教育中去，supplemental education and extracurricular activities 与the study of inequality and meritocracy， reproduction of class position 原来是这样的关系.我决定这篇文章主要跟着学如何用这些专业词汇。 Anxious middle class, prepare their children, invest important resources, increasingly ties to.
With growing income inequality, and the trend toward a “winner-take-all” society, understanding the dynamics that work in favor of, and against, the existence of multiple hierarchies of worth or systems of evaluation is more urgent than ever.
注意范式：With growing….and the trend toward….society, understanding the dynamics that …is more urgent than ever. 应该很多地方都可以用，说的都是社会环境的变化，使得研究某个问题变得特别迫切。特定描述词， winner-take-all society, dynamics, the existence of multiple hierarchies of ….
Indeed, the coexistence of multiple matrixes of evaluation is one significant condition for greater social resilience, especially in a context such as the United States where a decreasing number of individuals can hope to live up to the standards of socioeconomic success that are associated with the dominant national myth, the American Dream.
大师就是不一样，可以将研究问题与社会的各个方面进行联系，现在连接的是American Dream. Multiple matrixes of evaluation, 应该是多角度的评价， greater social resilience, especially in a context such as …. Where ……是一个牵引到研究背景的表达，美国梦被表达为a dominant national myth.
Against this background, it is urgent that we address several questions. What can be done to insure that a larger proportion of the member of our society can be defined as valuable? What kind of institutions and cultural repertoires can be put in place to sustain hierarchies? Under what what conditions can cultural inclusion or social belongs influence access to material and symbolic resources?
提出疑问的范式： Against this background, it is urgent that 前面关于背景的大幅度描述，原来是为了衬托后面问题的重要性和紧迫性， 紧接着就是几个what的问题，我基本上看不太明白。
Addressing these questions will help us understand the impact of dominant definition of worth and cultural citizenship, as well as their implication for xenophobia, racism, solidarity toward the poor, and attitudes towards welfare redistribution.
紧接着就说明如果回答了上述问题，我们就能够理解或解决什么问题，Addressing these questions will help us understand…..
总结起来，这篇introduction的结构是这样的：
Questions of ….have gained greater social and scholarly prominence in a number of realms and countries. With……, government have turned to ….to insure ….for instance……..
The growing literature in ….manifest itself in the study of …..:
With growing …..and the trend toward …..understanding the dynamics that ……is more urgent than ever…indeed …..
Against this background....it is urgent that we address several questions…….addressing these questions will help us understand the impact of ….
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