Willer, R., Wimer, C., & Owens, L. A. (2015). What drives the gender gap in charitable giving? Lower empathy leads men to give less to poverty relief. Social science research, 52, 83-98.

Introduction-continued

Among the most reliable findings in researchon the determinants of Americans’ charitable giving and voluntarism is thetendency for men to give less than women.

Determinants of Americans’ charitable givingand voluntarism….. 是一种表达研究问题的方法。

Research finds that women are specificallymore likely to be donors to causes that benefit the poor, such as humanservices organizations, and some evidence suggests that this pattern extends tothe specific domain of poverty relief.

Research finds that….. , and some evidencesuggests that 这两个都是表达literature所已经发现的结果，并且两者具有递进的含义。 Poverty relief 在中国指哪些行为呢？ Causes that benefits the poor, 应该是poverty relief 的另外一种说法。

One implication of the gender difference incharitable giving is that women tend to carry a disproportionate burden in theprovision of most charitably-funded public goods in the U.S. But why is it thatmen give to such causes at lower levels? And how might this gap be reduced?

虽然本文作者是一名美国人，但是他的文笔，哈哈，并不是很好，让我读起来有一种口语的感觉。但是还是学习其长处吧。One implication of the gender difference….. 我个人觉得这后面的内容也并非implication，而是进一步重复研究发现。紧接着提出了研究问题。这种提问研究问题的方式是一个经典范式，why is it that……引导一个现象， 通常我们的研究都是为了解释一个现象，使用why是一个很好的问题，此外，解释中间的机制或者提供解决方案，就请使用How的问题 how might ….be reduced?

In seeking to explain and address the gender gapin charitable assistance we draw upon a burgeoning line of research from socialpsychology on gender and the emotional underpinnings of generosity.

这句话有好多词要学习，seeking to explainand address….. address 这个词很地道，解释，回答的含义，gender gap 替代了gender difference ，使得词汇更为丰富。We draw upon=use=employ=makeuse of=resort to= fall back on 都是使用的含义，更为重要的是后面依然是literature的描述，a burgeoning line of research from …. 如同hotly debated topic …都是经常使用描述某一个领域的用词，通常都是burgeoning line ofresearch,否则你怎么会过来插上一棒子。  Emotional underpinningsof generosity underpinning=basis=foundations=base 都是基础的含义，可以同义为key determinants, key factors相当于自变量的描述方法。

A variety of recent studies have shown consistentgender difference in the likelihood of experiencing empathy and compassion in responseto the suffering of others.

A variety of recent studies 还是在讲literature， show consistent …在讲证据 此外环节讲到了中间的调节变量，the empathy and compassion…..

Research finds that these prosocial emotions areprimary motivators of helping behavior toward needy others, both in general andin particular for poverty-related charitable giving.

还是research finds that…. 这应该是不止几次的使用literature打头了 例如上面的a variety of research show, 以及 draw upon a burgeoning line of research, research finds that, some evidence suggests that….

Here we hypothesize that gender difference inthe likelihood of responding empathetically to others’ distress can help explainthe gender gap in charitable giving and giving to antipoverty efforts in particular.

到了假设部分，这种范式是首先提出假设，we hypothesized that … can help explain the ….

Further, knowledge of these underlying processesmay help inform effective inventions to promote giving to promote giving among men.

Further, 可以用来提出假设的另外一个侧面，有可以用来说明研究对现实的意义。