• Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor. Psychological review, 119(3), 546.
  Introduction 7
  In what is now know to be an apocryphal conversation, F.Scott Fitzgerald noted to this friend Ernest Hemingway that “the rich are different from the poor.” Hemingway’s response: “Yes, they have more money.”
  使用一段海明威经典的对话引起文章，使得人们对于这样一个大众议题产生兴趣。富人和穷人有什么不同？note 具有comment的含义。
  It goes without saying that the lives of the rich and poor are different. For more than 100 years, social scientists have known that social class is a profound dimension of social life.
  这是一个经典范式，突出我们的研究问题的经典性以及重要性......is a profound dimension of social life.我似乎记得前面提起过…is a profound forces of social life.  It goes without saying that …..。。。。什么是毋庸置疑的。
  Within psychological science, research has shown that social class influences a diverse array of domains that include aesthetic preferences, language, physical health, subjective well-being, and cognitive performance.
  依旧是经典范式，在psychological science, research has shown that …. Influences a diverse array of domains that include….. 学习使用 a diverse array of domains…..前文有一个a profound dimension of social life, dimension 也是一个很好的词。
  Notwithstanding these findings, psychological science has yet to fully offer a response to Fitzgerald’s observation that the rich are different from the poor. A theory of how social class shapes basic psychological processes has not been fully articulated.  
  Notwithstanding 尽管，虽然的含义，可以是一个很好的转折词， notwithstanding these findings, 这样的用法。 …has yet to fully offer a response to the observation that …. 心理科学还没有完全回应这样的一个观察，这就是说明我们后续的研究还是有意义的，一定要说明前来者未尽的事业，我们是在继承的基础上有所发扬。A theory of …. Has not been fully articulated….口气大吧，目标是要建立一个theory 因为之前就没有什么theory fully articulated=coherent=fluent.
  The aim of the present article is to provide such a theory, a social cognitive theory of social class. We contend that an individual’s social class is a context rooted in both the material substance of social life (wealth, education, work) and the individual’s construal of his or her class rank, and is a core aspect of how he or she thinks of the self and relates to the social world.
  我非常喜欢这个作者的一些小单词，例如在这段里使用的contend, rooted, construal, class rank, core, social world. 尽管都是非常简单而又平凡的词汇，但是使用在这些千篇一律的地方，却又灵动性。 这个作者在introduction部分其实使用的是非常老的套路，紧接着 a theory of  to be fully articulated , 下面就是the aim of the present article is to provide such a theory,…….后面就是介绍theory的部分，因为是在intro，所以一定要简洁，we contend that  后面使用了两个长句子简单介绍了这个theory的关键点。
  Our central argument is that social class contexts elicit reliable social cognitive patterns among lower-class individuals- characterized by a contextual, externally-oriented cognitive and relational orientation to the world-upper-class individuals-characterized by a solipsistic, individualistic cognitive and relational orientation to the world.
  前面的展开肯定是不够的，再接着使用our central argument is that……characterized by …..这个是一个很长的句子，把最重要的表达的很清楚，不得不说这个作者驾驭语言的能力还是很好的。Social cognitive pattern, eternally-oriented, relational orientation, solipsistic, 都是这个作者首次提出的形容阶层的重要概念。
  Guided by this analysis, we review several specific predictions and the empirical literatures which have inspired concerning how people from upper- and lower-class individuals think about the self, perceive the social world, and related to others.
  较多使用的都是第一人称起始的句子，we review, our central argument,  we contend that  与the aim of the present article 都是用来起始句子的。 Guided by this analysis, 是一个很好的衔接词， 讲literature 了， specific predictions and the empirical literatures, 后面加一个定语，来形容这些literature的主要覆盖面.
• In this review, we focus on upper- and lower-class individuals, respectively, for heuristic purposes, recognizing that social class occurs along a continuum of class categories, and that it is possible for people to shift in their social class position over time.
  最后用，in this review, we focus on … 来结束。inspire, concerning, respectively, occurs, continuum of, categories , shift, social position. 都是一些简单而又灵动的小词。
  概括一下，本文使用的经典套路是：
  An observation of Hemingway…… it goes without saying that ……social scientist have known that … a profound dimension of social life…..research has shown that….influence a diverse array of domains that include…..notwithstandings these findings….. has yet to fully offer a response to …..a theory of ….has not been fully articulated
  The aim of the present article is to provide such …..we contend that …..our central argument is that….guided by this analysis, we review several specific predictions and the empirical literatures which ….in this review, we focus on ……
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