• Ross, R., & Staines, G. L. (1972). The politics of analyzing social problems. Social Problems, 20(1), 18-40.
  Introduction 13
  The analysis of social problem occurs in a political context. This paper offers a political analysis of how social problems are defined, how they are transformed into public issues, how they are subjected to competing analyses, and how the conflict between interested parties over these divergent analyses may produce different effects on both policy and people.
  开篇直奔主题， the analysis of …this paper offers a ..analysis of how…., how…. How…. And how…..对我有启发的是最后一个how, the conflict between interested group parties …may produce different effects on both policy and people.
  A process is thus envisaged based on the sequence: private or interest group recognition of the social problem; political recognition of the problem as an appropriate issue for public decision; public debate and social conflict about the cause of the problem; a set of political outcomes of this sequence.
  Envisaged “展望 设想 正视” ，学习 private or interest group recognition of the social problem.
  在上面提出一系列的问题之后，进一步frame这些问题。
  The present discussion borrows from and builds on several valuable perspectives in the literature of political sociology. It accepts, for example, Blumer’s claim that social problems and the issues associated with them are not objective givens whose existence may be taken for granted. Rather, social problem definitions arise from a political process which is constrained but not dominated by objective reality. The paper also adopts Blumer’s perspective according to which each problem-issue combination has a career over time that may be analyzed into several roughly distinct stages.
  学习用法： the present discussion borrows from and build on 哪些literature， several valuable perspectives in the ….. it accepts, for example, 具体的人，的， claim that ….; 此外， the paper also adopts…. According to which …….
• Schneider, J. W. (1985). Social problems theory: The constructionist view. Annual review of sociology, 11(1), 209-229.
  Introduction 14
  The social constructionist perspective offers a way to define, understand, and study social problems that is decidedly distinct from previous perspectives. The past decade has witnessed considerable research that, in varying degree, uses or is relevant to the social constructionist or definitional view. In this essay, I review the core statements of this perspective, describe selected research relevant to it, and discuss some of the problems with and insights from using the perspective in research.
  这是一篇review的文章，第一句话就直奔主题：the … perspective offers a way to …… that is decidedly distinct from previous perspectives. 注意“decidedly distinct…”
  然后就要简单总结the past decade has witnessed considerable research that, …… witness 可以用在展现“改变”（the past decades have witnessed dramatic social change in China ）， 也可以用在回顾literature 上.
  In this essay, I review….describe….and discuss …..要擅长用动词来描述你写本篇文章所做的动作。
  The possibility of a research-based sociology of social problems integrated around a distinct theoretic perspective is not new. More than forty years ago, Waller, Fuller & Myers, and others pursued this goal under the banner of value-conflict theory. A renewed interest in this goal has developed in the past fifteen years along with a detailed critique of previous theory and a sharpened conceptualization of what such a sociology of social problem might look like.
  在这一部分其实更为详细的历史回顾以及对这个问题的认识。The possibility of …. is not new, 可以用来引领一个文献回顾。紧接着下面，就有对以往人的回顾， 总结了一个典型的， …. Pursued this goal under the banner of ….., 而最近的发展是什么趋势呢？ A renewed interest in this goal has developed in the past fifteen years ….along with a detailed critique of …and a sharpened conceptualization of ….. 小君觉得最难的还是形容抽象词汇，就如同上文中的 renewed interest, detailed critique, and a sharpened conceptualization
  While constructionist research and writing has not been the only sociological work on social problems, it arguably constitutes the only serious and sustained recent discussion of social problem theory -  a theory of social problems distinct from sociological theory used in research on undesirable conditions.  The latter accurately describe most previous sociological writing and research on social problems, whether it was guided by functionalist, Marxist, conflict theory, or other perspectives. While these latter constitute legitimate sociological work, non informs the question of whether a distinct theory of social problem is possible, what its subject matter might be , or how it might be developed in empirical research. These are precisely the questions Blumer and particularly Spector & Kitsuse address.
  这段对我来说显得特别冗长而又没有意义，可能是因为我对theory里的争论不太了解的原因。While….not the only …., it arguably constitutes the only serious and sustained ….. 用来说明这个关于social problem 的theory 的重要性。 然后指出了前人理论重点的不足，while these later constitute legitimate …, non informs the question of …..我发现the question 是一个很好的引导词，你看一加the question of  后面就可以跟一大堆问题， 以及， these are precisely,…and particularly …. 这名作者使用小副词强调的能力特别强。
  The question of just what “social problems” means as a sociological concept and how we might study such phenomena has been at the center of the dilemma surrounding this topic since its emergence in the last century.
  我特别把这段加进来，这也是引导介绍一个领域内容的句子， the question of just what ….. and how … has been at the center of …. 然后后面就是开始介绍这个领域的内容了。review的文章写作和empirical 文章的写作方式大不同。基本都是在回顾总结提炼以前的研究，所以在写作方式上也和之前介绍的大不同。 好了，今天先到这里啦。