英文标题：
《Electoral Stability and Rigidity》
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作者：
Michael Y. Levy
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最新提交年份：
2016
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英文摘要：
  Some argue that political stability is best served through a two-party system. This study refutes this. The author mathematically defines the stability and rigidity of electoral systems comprised of any quantity of electors and parties. In fact, stability is a function of the quantity of electors - i.e., the number of occupied seats at the table. As the number of electors increases, the properties of an electorate are increasingly well resolved, and well described by those of an electorate that is least excessive -- that is to say an electorate that is closest to equilibrium. Further, electoral rigidity is a function of the quantity of parties and their probabilities of representation. An absolutely rigid system admits no fluctuations -- whatever happens to one elector will happen to all electors. As the quantity of parties increases so does the number of party lines, and with it the quantity of alternatives with which to respond to an external stimulus. Rigidity is significant in a social system that places high value on party loyalty. In conclusion, (i) electoral stability is best served by increasing the quantity of electors; (ii) electoral rigidity is best served by decreasing the quantity of parties, and by increasing the representation of some parties at the expense of others; and (iii) the less stable a branch of government, the more concern is placed on those who would hold those offices for the people.
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中文摘要：
一些人认为，两党制最有利于政治稳定。这项研究反驳了这一点。作者从数学上定义了由任何数量的选民和政党组成的选举系统的稳定性和刚性。事实上，稳定性是选民数量的函数，即在议席上占据席位的数量。随着选民数量的增加，选民的属性越来越得到很好的解决，并被最不过度的选民——也就是说最接近均衡的选民——的属性描述得很好。此外，选举刚性是政党数量及其代表性概率的函数。一个绝对僵化的制度不允许有任何波动——无论发生在一个选民身上的事情，都会发生在所有选民身上。随着政党数量的增加，政党路线的数量也随之增加，以及应对外部刺激的备选方案的数量也随之增加。在一个高度重视党的忠诚的社会体系中，僵化是非常重要的。总之，（i）增加选民数量最有利于选举的稳定；二减少政党数量，增加一些政党的代表性，而牺牲其他政党的代表性，最有利于保持选举僵化；（iii）政府部门越不稳定，人们就越关注那些将为人民担任这些职务的人。
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分类信息：

一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：Economics        经济学
分类描述：q-fin.EC is an alias for econ.GN. Economics, including micro and macro economics, international economics, theory of the firm, labor economics, and other economic topics outside finance
q-fin.ec是econ.gn的别名。经济学，包括微观和宏观经济学、国际经济学、企业理论、劳动经济学和其他金融以外的经济专题
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一级分类：Physics        物理学
二级分类：Physics and Society        物理学与社会
分类描述：Structure, dynamics and collective behavior of societies and groups (human or otherwise). Quantitative analysis of social networks and other complex networks. Physics and engineering of infrastructure and systems of broad societal impact (e.g., energy grids, transportation networks).
社会和团体（人类或其他）的结构、动态和集体行为。社会网络和其他复杂网络的定量分析。具有广泛社会影响的基础设施和系统（如能源网、运输网络）的物理和工程。
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